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The Hopi of Arizona possess a cultural landscape developed within the framework of aesthetics, memory and imagination, translated by myths and walk-talks, by pilgrimages in the footsteps of their forefathers, by architectural practices, and more recently, by poetry and photography. This paper will focus on three major domains of this process : the phenomenological domain (role of deep seeing and colour, scales shifts, inclination for spontaneous objects standing for artefacts), the social domain (moral interpretation of the footsteps of Ancestors, landscape as a social unity and basis of common ritual time), the cognitive domain (readings of territory as a contemplated history, modes of transmission and rememoration). Through this case study, this paper aims to contribute to the epistemology of cultural landscapes.

France suffers from considerable lack of knowledge about its water bodies, contributing to the fact that the measurements recommended for lake and pond environments are unsuitable. The Authors studied and reviewed the different existing inventories on water bodies, covering two centuries, on the national scale of France, aiming to understand the origins of the statistical misinterpretation in 2012, which has led to damage to lakes, ponds and water bodies in general. The demonstration highlights an essential factor behind the gaps in knowledge : the French government's lack of commitment, discouraging research and leading to loss of interest, still clearly shown by the lack of proper definition of the commonly used terms such as “water body” or “pond”. By supplementing qualitative and quantitative approaches used for existing inventories with an assessment of the best adapted tools currently available for constructing a water body inventory, the Authors go beyond constructive criticism to produce a geomatic frame of reference for French water bodies. The accuracy of the results (surface area :96 % ;number :98 %), meant that this survey tool for surface freshwater bodies could be applied. Compared with 34 000 water bodies officially identified by the BD Carthage data base, taken at ministerial level to be reliable, the newly devised geomatic frame of reference detects 554 566 water bodies in France for an area in water of 449 914 ha, amounting to 16 times the number of water bodies and an area of water one-third more than previously registered. These figures bring out the non-inclusion of the smallest water bodies (less than one ha) which are characteristic of the lacustrine features in France in the 21st Century, totally absent from present-day surface water management policies. Fully georeferenced, this new tool should constitute a solid knowledge base. Around this, considerable amounts of further research on lakes and ponds can be done, to yield reliable water quality indicators for comparison with the ECD 2000 recommended standards but also focusing on human factors, too often neglected.

The concurrent processes of globalization and European integration have raised the profile of a previously marginalized type of urban area : the cross-border metropolitan region. Within these emerging metropolitan territories, the cross-border governance issue is a crucial factor for organizing and managing such territory but also for understanding the driving forces for and obstacles to territorial integration in Europe. The idea of this paper is to contribute to this debate by analysing the functioning of cross-border governance in the field of public transportation within one of the most institutionalized cross-border regions in Europe : Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai Eurometropolis. After introducing the political and geographical context that led to the creation of the Eurometropolis, an innovative method in a cross-border framework, based on social network analysis, is used to study the role of the various actors involved. The objective is to evaluate the relationships of the various organizations involved in cross-border cooperation and to find what the key actors are of in the governance of the public transport sector.

Within a context of ever-increasing international competition and the restructuring of world wine markets around a fringe oligopoly, is the wine trade in Bordeaux capable of profiting from this new order by imposing itself as an aggressive player in the restructuring of the wine industry in France and in the rest of the world ? For companies from the Gironde region which are characterized by a lack of financial resources and which are ill-equiped from a marketing point of view, it will be not easy. For around fifteen years now the concentration of the Gironde wine trade has rapidly accelerated and, apart from a few notable exceptions, it is companies whose head-quarters are outside the Gironde area that are taking advantage of the situation. In the long term this development raises the question of the decision – making centres of these new wine producing mega groups. Will the Bordeaux market place be able to keep a leader of international calibre ?

This paper aims at analysing the interactions between inmates and between inmates and the penitentiary authorities, in a carceral situation, from a spatial point of view. It focuses especially on internal mobilities, in the Kondengui Central Prison, Yaounde. The Prison is overcrowded. It was built in 1968 for 1 000 inmates and now hosts 4 000 of them. This overcrowding acts upon the appropriation of space and the power structures within the prison, in a context where the prisoners are unevenly divided into the 13 districts of the Kondengui neighbourhood. There is a co-management of the prison based on a double-hierarchy : guards control inmates but delegate some of the work of surveillance to some inmates. Following agift/counter-gift systemwith guards, some inmates have certain privileges in jail. To have the control of some places and doorsteps means money, status and power. Other prisoners can also corrupt the guards to have some local benefits. Their is no way one could make a binary opposition between the formal prison organization and the inmates'and guards'informal tactics and strategies. Informal and institutional practices create a specific power apparatus, to maintain order inside the prison. This paper therefore proposes a microgeography of the carceral space to understand the power relationships between guards and inmates, and between prisoners, in a context of confinement.