Contenu du sommaire : Trajectoires résidentielles

Births, separations and housing changes
According to the 2013–2014 INSEE Housing Survey, half of the households that had had a child born over the preceding four years had moved to a new residence during this period. In the case of a first born child, this even rose to six out of ten households. In connection with this move, parents of young children often improved their housing conditions: in half of the cases their mobility was “upward” in terms of occupancy status or type of housing. By the end of 2013, almost one mobile household in two that had had a child born owned its housing as compared to one in six before the birth. Nearly two-thirds lived in an individual house while only one third of these households had lived in a house four years earlier. In three out of four cases, they had increased their housing by at least one habitable room.
Among households with one member who had experienced a separation in the four years preceding the survey, six out of ten had changed their housing. This proportion was even higher among women, especially for those without children. After moving, one separated person out of two had lost at least one room. In four cases out of ten, separated people had experienced “downward” mobility, losing their ownership status or the benefit of living in an individual house.

Residential trajectories, building living spaces and anchoring in suburban areas. Survey of the north of the greater Paris area
This article focuses on the links between residential trajectories, building living spaces, and territorial anchoring in suburban areas. It follows recent studies that qualify certain homogenizing representations of suburban residents. It uses the results of a survey conducted in the suburban area north of the greater Paris region. This survey consisted of around one hundred interviews with households of varied social positions, concerning their residential and biographical history, their practices, and representations of their living space. Beyond the image of the dual income family leaving the dense city to buy a house in an improved living environment, the article reflects the diversity of the types of inhabitants' residential trajectories and of the logic explaining their residential choice. It not only stresses that the living spaces of suburban inhabitants are characterized by proximity to, and the use of, local resources, but, in addition, points out that previous places of residence are also resource sites for individuals, indicating a “multi-polarization” of practices and a “multi-anchoring” of individuals.

Personal assistance at the heart of housing policy in France
With some 6.3 million beneficiaries and a budget of over 18 billion euros, personal housing assistance is the main lever of the French housing policy. It is aimed at low-income households and its impact on household expenses and the reduction of inequality in living standards makes it one of the most important welfare benefits in the French redistributive system. Nevertheless, in recent years this aid has been frequently challenged as being too expensive, inflationist, poorly targeted in terms of both households and regions, and poorly coordinated with other social benefits directed at low-income families. While some of these criticisms are justified, the given responses—denial of rights for some of the eligible public or the total overhaul of the system—do not seem to properly address the issues. While adjustments—such as revising definitions of targets and zoning and coordinating with a rent control system—are needed so as to increase the efficiency of the current system, it is essential in the short term to reconnect the method of calculating housing benefits with the reality of the rental markets.

The SRU law and social housing quotas: results and prospects
On 13 December 2015, the law on solidarity and urban renewal, called SRU [la solidarité et le renouvellement urbains], celebrated its 15th anniversary. The most important and best known article in the law, article 55, is also the most ambitious since it ordered “large” cities to have at least 20% social housing by 2022. This rather controversial article of the law has been the focus of multiple attempts to “dismantle” it during the 2000s. It was finally strengthened under the Duflot laws, both in its objectives (the quotas having been raised to 25% in a number of cities) and its means (municipal offenders losing some of their prerogatives, which would be given back to the prefect). The article intends to set out a summary of the workings of the SRU law and of its quota of social housing. With both quantitative and qualitative results, it seeks more generally to put the recent reinforcement of the law into perspective.

Cohousing and housing policies: a marriage of interest?
During the 1980s, a number of local authorities launched cohousing projects. By the early 2000s, entire groups of inhabitants supporting such projects were requesting authorities' support. Indeed, particularly in urban areas, the agreement of local authorities was needed in order for them to succeed in their approaches. They oriented towards attracting potential partners, for whom “the inhabitant” remained a fearful unknown. Gradually, however, elected officials and technicians expressed more favourable views of cohousing, seeing it as a “solution” to a variety of urban production and housing issues. These measures have generally been approved but without much reference to feedback from experience. Elected representatives and technicians have integrated cohousing into their policies but without connecting it to the local context. At first, this looks like a “marriage of interest.” A detailed analysis of local authority engagement practices enables this view to be qualified. When authorities make land available for cohousing operations, several configurations emerge. Some authorities include cohousing in their policies while others prefer playing the role of a mediator or seem to delegate the tasks to others.

Access to public housing in the Algerian city. Stakeholders' policies, issues and strategies. The case of Tlemcen
The return of the Algerian state as a major stakeholder in the housing sector with the aim of easing social tensions has led to the development of new peripheral residential areas, a result of a series of actions concerning housing. Tlemcen, a city whose urban evolution is studied here in detail, has undergone new urban development characterized by a considerable expansion in residential zones mainly due to the increase in construction programs of predominantly multi-family housing. In the midst of a real estate crisis, these new units have been built on state land thereby encouraging social diversity. A new socio-spatial differentiation seems to be emerging in this Algerian town, combining luxury apartments with low-cost housing, although it is still premature to have a clear view of its future evolution. New measures to reduce social inequalities have been implemented by the government. They have accompanied the changes in Algerian society and have had positive effects in improving housing conditions in recent years. However, the role of local authorities and private developers in construction has remained limited. These stakeholders have limited their role to a logic of wealth redistribution, acquiring real estate revenue through speculative practices. Finally, the implementation of institutional housing programs has not prevented the development of informal settlements, built by those people excluded from official housing allocation channels.

Promotion or training? Socio-historical practices and usages of the nursing assistant degree
L'article combine ethnographie et histoire en s'appuyant sur les textes qui ont successivement encadré la formation et sur des entretiens réalisés avec des aides-soignantes de différentes générations, interrogées à l'occasion d'enquêtes successives.
The title of nursing assistant was first created to reclassify working personnel in a period of restricted access to the nursing profession. The creation of a theoretical and practical training program leading to a certificate of competence contributed to its perpetuation. This initially minimal training program has evolved and is now ratified by a state diploma, combined with a list of specific skills. From the 1970s, nurse's aide training was no longer a mere instrument for the promotion of the least qualified hospital personnel. It now also includes students whose training is in line with the educational career followed by other students of diverse professional experience. How has this training been able to organise so as to cope with the evolution of these multiple publics who hope both for professional training and a career, some of whom have academic credentials while others have professional experience ?
The article combines ethnography and history based on successive texts which have organised professional training and on interviews with nursing assistants from different generations, interviewed on the occasion of successive surveys.

The economic evaluation of innovative health products: how is it interpreted and for what purpose?
The 2012 law for financing the social security system (LFSS) introduced the criterion of efficiency in setting the prices of innovative health products. The implementation of this provision by the High Authority for Health (HAS) and the Economic Committee for Health Products (CEPS [Comité Économique des Produits de Santé]) highlights the issues of economic evaluation in order to make health decisions.
To document the efficiency criterion, HAS favours using cost-results analysis, which compares the health gain to its marginal cost. The interpretation of quantitative results from these analyses is confronted with the need to collectively define the amount that the community is willing to spend to get an extra unit of health. Four methods of estimating the reference value are identified in the literature. They are all used to estimate an acceptability indicator, but suffer from limitations that call for further academic research on this topic.
However, assessments made by industrialists, the critical analysis made by the HAS, and the opinions on efficiency provided by the Economic and Public Health Evaluation Commission (CEESP) [Commission d'évaluation économique et de santé publique], illuminate the relationship between the cost of a health product and the health results it generates.
The recent development of efficiency notices in France seems to play an effective role in negotiating prices, although its use in the decision-making process remains largely confidential. Like the practices in foreign countries, the criterion of efficiency in health decisions must find its place in a deliberative and transparent arbitration among other criteria of judgement, identified as relevant in defining the social value of a health product.