Contenu du sommaire
| Revue |
Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales  |
|---|---|
| Numéro | vol. 79, no. 1, 1989 |
| Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Espace des sports, espace social et effets d'âge - Charles Suaud p. 2-20
jeu croisé de concurrence et de marquage symbolique entre les groupes sociaux, les sexes et les catégories d'âge.The space of sport, the social space and effects of age. The rapid spread of tennis, formerly perceived as "bourgeois sport", makes it impossible to attach a sport mechanically to a class and is an invitation to construct the System of sports as an interplay of constantly changing relationships between the sports - situated with respect to one another - and classes objectively situated within the social space. For example, it can be shown that the learning and playing of tennis are differentiated from one club to another in a conurbation (Nantes) when new groups appropriate the game. But the opposition between sports - or between modalities of the same sport - is charged with multiple meanings which express not only distinctions between social groups but also differences between the sexes, the age groups and the values socially attached to them. Thus choices and shifts of interest between tennis, squash and golf resuit from a complex play of competition and symbolic marking among the social groups, the sexes and the age groups. - La disparition de "la joie du peuple" - José Sergio Leite Lopes, Sylvain Maresca p. 21-36 "La joie du peuple" est l'expression qui colla , depuis le début des années 60, à la personne de Garrincha, le plus grand joueur avec Pelé de l'histoire du football brésilien. Mais, à la différence de Pelé, Garrincha ne parvint jamais à s'adapter au sport professionnel et sombra dans l'alcoolisme. Son style de jeu imprévu, déconcertant et efficace paraît avoir un rapport avec les mystères du groupe social méconnu dont il est originaire. L'intrusion spectaculaire mais éphémère de son style d'amateur dans la haute compétition illustrait cette "créativité" inconséquente et limitée que développaient les ouvriers enrégimentés dans le monde clos des usines avec cités ouvrières. Avec la mort en 1983 de cet ancien ouvrier-joueur sembla disparaître plus généralement l'euphorie populaire qu'avaient engendrée l'essor économique des années 50 et les grandes victoires du Brésil en coupe du monde.The disappearance of "the people's joy". "The people's joy" is the phrase which, from the early 1960s, was attached to the person of Garrincha, who, with Pele, was the greatest player in the history of Brazilian football. Unlike Pele, Garrincha never managed to adapt to professional sport and sankinto alcoholism. His unpredictable, disconcerting and effective style of play seems to be connected with the mysteries of the little-known social group from which he originated. The spectacular but short-lived intrusion of his amateur style into top-rank competition illustrated the inconsistent and limited "creativity" developed by the workers sucked into the closed world of factories and housing estates. The death in 1983 of this ex-factory worker/footballer seems to have been accompanied by the more general disappearance of the popular euphoria generated by the economic boom of the 1950s and Brazil's great victories in the World Cup.
- De la chute au vol. Genèse et transformations du parachutisme sportif - Gildas Loirand p. 37-49 ©doniste du "vol" relatif.From falling to flying. Amateur parachute-jumping used to be a largely working-class sport so long as it remained linked to the heroic, manly tradition of its military origins. Since the late 1970s it has attracted a more educated public pursuing pleasure and aerial grace. Taking account of the social and cultural characteristics of the successive practitioners and officials of the sport since 1949, this study shows how a risky, "character-forming" discipline, buried in fraternal club relationships was first turned into a highly technical sporting activity, made safer and oriented towards competition. Through an analysis of their investments in the practice, it also seeks to describe the processes whereby the newcomers of the 1980s managed, by transforming the techniques, to substitute a hedonistic use of relative "flight" for the traditional death-defying use of free "fall".
- Les ouvriers de l'automobile et le sport - Patrick Fridenson p. 50-62 ootball-club de Sochaux illustre le passage de l'amateurisme au sport d'usine, ainsi que l'imposition par les classes dominantes de leur rapport au corps et au jeu ("correction" et ritualisation sociale), et la gestion d'un club comme une entreprise.Car workers and sport. This article examines the case of French car workers from 1890 to 1980s, using a historical perspective to try to explain the variations between one occupational group and another in the same nation in sports participation and spectatorship. The growing variety of car workers' sports activities and the changes in the hierarchy of their preferences do not only stem from the phenomena of industrial expansion and cultural diffusion, but they also manifest the action of workers' and employers' institutions whose ideas were sometimes convergent. The constitution of sports paternalism was however dominated by the implantation of the practices and rules of the market, which was speeded up at three moments : the First World War, the turning-point of the 1930s, and the Liberation with the transfer of some of the activities to the works committees. Finally, the history of Sochaux Football Club illustrates the shift from amateurism to factory sport, as well as the imposition by the dominant classes of their relation to the body and the game ("good behaviour" and social ritualization), and the management of the club as a business.
- Les jeux de la violence - Gunter Gebauer, Christoph Wulf p. 63-75
- Un schisme sportif - Jacques Defrance p. 76-91 Un schisme sportif. Un univers d'activité comme le sport, où de nombreux pratiquants s'exercent pour le plaisir ("en toute gratuité") et s'associent volontairement, peut-il connaître des conflits virulents et des scissions ? L'étude d'une discipline - l'athlétisme - saisie dans ses rapports avec les autres sports durant une vingtaine d'années (1960-1980 environ) montre la fréquence des tensions et des clivages dans l'actualité des questions débattues et dans la production des structures du sport. Les diverses crises des institutions sportives offrent des occasions originales à des groupes particuliers de se manifester sur un mode éthique ; en s'opposant, ils tentent de définir ce que doit être la vraie vie, ce qui relève ou non du sport et ce qui fait la valeur des membres associés dans le groupement sportif. A l'inverse de l'internationalisation des sports qui s'opère au prix d'un alignement relatif des définitions sociales de la pratique sur un modèle commun, l'élargissement graduel ou la translation du recrutement social d'une discipline s'accompagne d'un affaiblissement des principes intégrateurs et d'une tendance marquée à la sécession. Des activités sportives peuvent alors servir de point d'appui à des groupes pour construire leur identité, l'engagement dans le sport prenant ipso facto un tour beaucoup plus sérieux que c'est le cas habituellement.A schism in sport. Can a field of activity like sport, where many practitioners take part "just for the fun of it" and associate voluntarily, experience bitter conflicts and scissions ? Study of a discipline - athletics - and its relationship with other sports over a twenty-year period (roughly 1960-1980) shows the frequency of tensions and cleavages in the questions debated and the production of the structures of the sport. The various crises of the sporting institutions offer original opportunities for particular groups to manifest themselves in an ethical mode. As they clash, they try to define what the good life should be, what is and is not part of the sport, and what makes the value of the members associated in the sporting group. In contrast to the internationalizing of sport, which entails a relative alignment of social definitions of the practice on a common model, the gradual enlargement or translation of the social recruitmentof a discipline is accompanied by a weakening of the integrative tendencies and a marked tendency towards secession. Sporting activities can then serve as a fulcrum for groups seeking to construct their identity ; ipso facto involvement in the sport takes on much more serious character than is normally the case .
- La séparation des deux rugbys - Eric Dunning, Kenneth Sheard p. 92-107 La séparation des deux rugbys. La séparation entre rugby à XV et rugby à XIII en Angleterre à la fin du 19e siècle est un exemple illustrant l'interdépendance entre les relations propres au monde sportif et l'état des rapports sociaux. Si le rugby est le seul sport à connaître une scission entre amateurs et professionnels (à la différence du cricket et du football), c'est que les questions de la "monétisation" du jeu, de l'ouverture des compétitions aux clubs à recrutement populaire et du contrôle de l'organisation sportive, connaissent une acuité maximale au moment précis - les années 1890 - où les tensions entre classes subissent une poussée, avec des grèves violentes et le développement des organisations représentatives de la classe ouvrière. S'y ajoute l'insécurité statutaire des dirigeants du rugby qui sont issus des écoles de l'élite (lespublic schools), mais pas des plus hautes, et qui cherchent à étayer une position qu'ils sentent menacée à travers l'affirmation d'une éthique de la gratuité. Ainsi recontextualisées dans l'histoire sociale anglaise, la scission des deux rugbys et la formalisation d'un ethos amateur prennent toute leur signification sociologique.How English rugby split. The separation between Rugby League and Rugby Union in late 19th-century England is an example illustrating the interdependence between the relations specific to the world of sport and the state of social relations. If rugby is the only sport to have experienced a split between amateurs and professionals (in contrast to cricket and football), this is because the questions of the "monetization" of the sport, the opening of competitions to working-class clubs and the control of the sports organization we- re at maximum intensity at the very moment (the 1890s) when the tensions between the classes were aggravated by violent strikes and the emergence of organizations representing the working class. To this was added the statutory insecurity of the leaders of rugby, who were from public schools, but "minor" ones, and who sought to bolster a position they felt to be threatened through affirmation of an ethic of pure sportsmanship. Recontextualized in this way in British social history, the split between the two games of rugby and the formalization of an amateur ethos take on their full sociological significance.
- Résumés - p. 108-115
