Contenu du sommaire : Le "Gharib" au Liban. Les "disparus" en Argentine. Slogans en Belgique. "Classe" et "ordre". Lexies de bois. Le "temps lexical"

THE GHARÎB OR THE DIFFICULTY OF BEING IN THE LEBANESE DISCOURSE ON THE CIVIL WAR A research (148 interviews of more than 2 000 words each) carried out by a team of sociologists five years ago was used to determine what the Lebanese belonging to the three main denominations, Maronites, Sunnis and Shias, meant by gharîb, as 38 % of the interviewees had used this word. Word counts show that the denomination has no influence on recurrence frequency ; both age and profession hardly have any influence, except for artisans, who are more articulate on the subject : it is the living standard that causes differences ; in particular, many interviewees of humble backgrounds — especially born-and-bred suburbanites — complain about foreigners. An analysis of me contexts of the word according to semantic groupings, shows that common elements are more important than specific ones. M.N. describes the characteristics of that ambivalent discourse (for instance, the gharîb is always an Arab, unlike the ajnabé). Xenophobic rather than racialist (the gharîb is feared, but it is neither despised nor looked up to) the word was a catalyst for the threatened national identity and was the «scape-goat blamed for all negative acts».

RÉDUIRE EN CLASSES / ÊTRE DIVISÉS EN ORDRES. FRENCH SOURCES OF THE WORD CLASS DURING THE 18th CENTURY What are the relationships between the words « class » and « order », while the modern social meaning of « class » is appearing (among 1760) ? The deep differences, but also the competition between these words appear from the lexicographic and lexicologie study. Without neglecting the feudal connotations of « order », we have investigated for the specificity of « class » by comparaison with «order», looking in the direction of a science in construction at that time : Natural History. « Class » is then characterized by its ability to express abstraction. The first formulations of the modern meaning of « class » are appearing in Economics. By studying their contexts, we point out that this ability is especially used by Physiocrats : in the two fields of Economics and Natural History, the word « class » corresponds to a scientific concept.

DISCOURSE DYNAMICS ABOUT THE « MISSING PERSONS» IN ARGENTINA : DR. TROCCOLI'S SPEECHES This paper aims at demonstrating that an eminently dynamic structure is inherent in political discourse and reflects the communicative intentions of its speaker, whose political actions are part of a more global social exchange. In order to achieve such aims, we analysed Troccoli's Speeches from two different points of view, one focusing on the constitution of the discourse roles and the relationship among them, the other on the discourse connectives. Both points of view discovered an identical underlying structure : four succesive zones or parts in the discourse which can be clearly distinguished.

LEXICAL TIME In the case of chronological textual series (i.e. homogeneous periodical series constituted by texts produced in similar enunciation situations), results reached by lexicometric methods must be interpreted according to spectific rules. In the case of two statistics methods — factor analysis of correspondances and the method of specificities — we have tried to describe these rules. As regards the latter of these methods, we have proposed developments which are better suited to the treatment of chronological series. Concerning an individual corpus, Hébert' s Père Duchesne, we showed how by taking into account the chronological dimension of the corpus it is possible to better characterize the successive periods, or groups of periods according to the vocabulary used. The last part of the study is devoted to the description of simple treatments that only apply to the treatment of chronological series.

DISCOURSE RIGIDITY AND SEMANTIC VAGUENESS Through a computerized description of trade-union texts, an attempt has been made to automatically isolate and record complex unities called « lexies ». Such an endeavour highlights the difficulties met when identifying and making a list of such units. By restricting our scope to the category of syntactical lexies, we evaluate their importance in relation with the size of the text. A detailed analysis of a category of lexies is proposed, i.e. complex predetermination. The link between the characteristics of predetermination and discourse semanticism is studied in relation with the concept of « langue de bois », which stresses semantic vagueness.

BELGIAN TEACHERS AND STUDENTS IN THE STREET. PATTERNS OF SLOGAN-FORMATION IN DEMONSTRATIONS This study is based on the tape recording and the transcription of protesters' speech. The corpus consists of five demonstrations of Belgian teachers and students protesting against economic cutbacks decided by the government in 1986. In the research, an attempt is made to identify the formal structure of the collected slogans. It brings to light that the teachers prefer short sentences with a stereotyped vocabulary, whereas the students like longer phrases using unvarying syntax. The rhytms are diversified, but they present various common mechanisms, such as a four of eight beat pattern. However, to follow a formal pattern is not a guarantee of success. The slogan must be adapted to the general and immediate context.