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Moslem organizations in Belgium and social insertion of the immigrants. In Belgium there are 200,000 immigrants who come from a country in which the Muslim religion is dominant (from Morocco and Turkey in particular). This is a completely new phenemonon, as Belgium has never, even in its colonial history, experienced an encouter with Islam. This text presents the results of a study about all the organized forms of Islam in Belgium. Over the last ten years, these have developed considerably. It is important to distinguish between all these organized forms, from the mosques and prayer rooms, to movements and brotherhoods, let alone the action of States and interstate organizations. The Belgian State which has recognized the Muslim religion, giving it the same status as the Catholic, Protestant and Jewish religions, proves to be an important « organizer of Islam », particularly as regards the teaching of this religion. Organized Islam is becoming one of the stakes on which the future of the insertion of immigrants will hinge.

Aims and functions of the Portuguese associations in France. The development over the past years of numerous associations among Portuguese immigrants settled in France is an extremely significant phenomenon. It bears witness to the definite vitality of the Portuguese community, and to the ability of the immigrants to join together and to get organized for their own aims. The authors examine various issues regarding that development, founding their observation upon an empirical research which proceeds from a representative sample of twenty associations scattered all over the country. Emphasis is on bringing out the significance of the immigrants' double affiliation, i.e. in terms of both the home and the host cultures, as these utterly determine the dynamics of cultural national identity. Having to take account of symbolic as well as political factors, the a. are led to focus attention upon the role of association leaders. As it appears, one of their major functions is to insure a successful shift from village condition in Portugal (most of the immigrants coming from the country side) to city life in France. In the concluding section, the a. venture some tentative hypotheses regarding the eventual future of the Portuguese association movement, specifically in connection with the emergence of a French-born second generation.

Italian associations in Switzerland. This paper presents some hypotheses which should enable the interpretation of the changings in the Italian associative network in Switzerland. As a matter of fact, the stabilization of the Italian working population in the last years has brought about the setting up of several associations, gathering migrants according to their regional origins. At the same time, we may note a weakening of the network of political associations - which used to be a major component of the Italian associative network - as far as it goes for proposal capacity, vitality of the associative life and renewing of membership. We try to explain such an evolution - by the relative ineffectiveness of the confrontation with the host country set up by the political associations, - as well as by the changes in the perception of their own identity by the migrants themselves. We analyse this second point both in social and ethnic terms. New aggregation poles might thus emerge among a plurality of Italian immigrants ' communities. The second generation should play a major role in the possible crystallizing of the present trends.

Management and reinvestment among Tunisian shopkeepers in Paris. The recruiting within the same ethnic group and the formation of partnerships to purchase new shops through a strong community's solidarity allow commercial groups to integrate an increasing number of their members into the commercial system. The continual reinvestment of the profits derived from the first shop to found new ones, facilitates the development of the system. This allows better integration of group's members into the commercial network.

How many foreigners left France between 1975 and 1982 ? Although the French statistical apparatus does register entries of foreigners on the national territory, a similar procedure does not apply to final departures. An indirect estimation method is therefore needed in order to find out the number of foreigners who leave France to return to their country of origin. This evaluation - which can be achieved in each intercensus period (i.e. every six or seven years) - is performed in two steps. The calculation firstly bears on what would have become - no departure being assumed - of the foreign population numbered in the course of one given census, new entries, births and losses of the French nationality being added, deceases and acquisitions of the French nalionality being substracted. In a second phase, the bulk of the foreigners actually numbered during the following census is deducted from this theoretical calculation and the volume of exits appears by way of difference. This paper sums up the results obtained for the last known intercensus period (i.e. 1975-1982). Different evaluations are proposed according to the case figures envisaged. The most plausible one gives figures of the following order : the number of foreigners having definitively left the French territory between 1975 and 1982 stands at about 530 000, the average annual flow being sligthly superior to 75 000. An annex table gives a breakdown of the global number of departures according to each nationality.

Migrants' children who stayed or eventually resettled in the original Mediterranean country. This paper focuses on the condition of children of migrant workers in their Mediterranean countries of origin. The consequences of the economic crisis of the mid-1970s on the total numbers of children left behind and on the flow of returning children are first assessed. Then, it is shown that the physical health of both groups is better than average. As far as education is concerned, the overall picture must be qualified : school results of left behind children depend upon a number of factors, favourable or not to school achievement. On their return, children who lived abroad are systematically graded down, and schooling is often a negative experience for them. Psychosociological and cultural problems are particularly acute. The father's absence, and its consequences on the mother who remained in the home country influence the psycho-emotional development of the child. As for children who corne back to the countries of origin, they meet with several difficulties as their return is sometimes the source of a conflict inside the family, further complicated by differences between the cultural standards of both countries and by the attitudes and behaviour of non migrant families.

Some thoughts on a concerted regulation of the brain flows between developing and developed countries. This article tries to examine some unexplored ways of regulating the South-North migration of highly qualified manpower. After briefly reviewing the unilateral and multilateral policies developed over recent years, the first part of the essay attempts to define a better coordination among existing policies, in particular as concerns : a) the exchange of data among concerned organizations, on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the outflows from each region ; b) the increased use of local experts within the framework of development projects undertaken by foreign organizations in the emigration countries ; c) a closer concertation between various assistance programmes aimed at the voluntary return of qualified migrants to their country of origin. The second part of this article tackles the subject of negociated regulations, between countries of emigration and employment countries, on the international exchange of certain categories of specialized personnel. Starting from the principle that such regulation cannot be limited to bilateral agreements between sending and receiving countries, taking into account the multiregional character of the brain flows (which would lead each emigration country to establish an increased number of separate agreements with the counterpart employment countries receiving its nationals), and given also the existing policies on the exchange of skilled manpower between deve- loping coutries (TCDC), the essay develops some proposals for the establishment of a bipartite multilateral commission, composed of employment and emigration countries, and entrusted with the task to devise the necessary measures a) to regulate in an oderly manner the South-North emigration flows of certain categories of brains (through temporary restrictions on emigration based on employment possibilities existing in countries of origin) and b) to promote and orientate the exchange of qualified manpower between developing countries (on the basis of periodical surveys of priority needs in each country, and supported by various incentives to be administered by the commission). Contrary to some « integrated plans of action » elaborated in recent years, this article tries to develop certain assistance models on a more selective and localised basis, which would be better adapted to national or local particularities of the brain drain phenomenon. The general interest of the study lies in the author's attempt to establish the basis, and underline the importance, of an active participation of the employment countries in regulating the multilateral South-North flows of qualified human resources.

Undocumented workers in U.S.A. Two factors account for the size and magnitude of undocumented worker migration to the United States : I - The existence of significant contradictions in the complex legal immigration system : The demand for immigrant visas far exceeds the legal limits : a waiting list of over 700,000 persons now exists. In addition, the U.S. labor market is in large part closed to legal immigrants because of « Schedule B », a list of 49 occupations for which certification is prohibited by the Department of Labor. As a result, persons intent on emigrating and working in the United States devise methods to circumvent the process. A clear premium is placed on entering the United States by means other than the legal channels : e.g. as an international visitor with a tourist visa (visa abusers) or by illegaly crossing the border (illegal entrants). II - The marked preference on the part of employers for the employment of illegal aliens : Although it is against the law to enter and remain illegaly, it is not unlawful - according to the Immigration and Naturalization Act -for an employer to hire an undocumented worker. The Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act requires a former to determine the status of workers before hiring them. In 11 states, it is a felony to knowingly hire an illegal alien. These statutes have not been enforced for primarily economic reasons. According to the theory outlined in this paper, the economic incentives for the employer who may as a result obtain labor at low wages and at non-regular time periods (e.g. for night shifts, on weekends or for harvest peak season) far outweigh the only penalty, i.e. voluntary departure or deportation of the alien. The current policy proposals, which seek to control immigration on the supply side (through civil penalties against employers who knowingly hire undocumented workers), will probably not be much more effective than the decade-old regulations enacted at state level ten years ago. Enforcement would require a greatly expanded I.N.S. budget and the commitment to build effective deterrent capabilities. Neither is likely. Undocumented workers want jobs. Employers want cheap and readily available labor. If nothing has yet been done in order to create a real economic penalty against employers, it is because the current situation is one in which economic benefits (for both parties) surmount political considerations. The chief contribution of the proposed legislation would therefore be a symbolic achievement : to re-legitimize the image of state control and dominance over the field of immigration - one of the main attributes of a sovereign nation - state.

Illegal immigration and shanty towns in French Guiana : the Haitians at Cayenne During the past years, a growing illegal migration movement towards French Guiana has developed. This present-day migration movement which is mainly composed of Haitians, unlike the past movements towards this country, has acquired considerable impetus and poses various problems to the recipient country. From the urban point of view, this migration movement is characterized by a spatial extension of the spontaneous settlement which has developed around the Cayenne Island area, by an increase in the prevailing insalubrious living conditions and by the occupation of every single parcel left empty in the urban setting of Cayenne Island. In the face of this movement, the authorities have tried to promote a policy of reabsorption of the slums and a rehousing scheme for the immigrants living on the outskirts of Cayenne Island. Through two case studies of slums which have developed around Cayenne and which are bound to disappear as a result of public action, this study sets out to explore the relalionship of the Haitian immigrants to their housing conditions. Besides, it provides a provisional assessement of the impact of rehousing operations on the mode of dwelling of the immigrants and consequently on their integration within the host society.