Contenu du sommaire : Espagne, Portugal, Grèce, pays d'immrigration

During the decade 85-94, Spain have known some growing and unexpected flows of foreign immigrations. The tradition of emigration of Spanish people, some grave difficulties of employment market in the country, irregular entrance of workers from Developing Countries, the fear of a very rapid growth of these immigrants, the instability and marginality of their work, and the agreement of Spain in the European Union have led the government to develop an active migratory policy, first against the illegal flows and, more recently, in direction of the integration of immigrants in Spanish society. The exceptional regularization of 1991 have nearly meant the threefold increase of regular foreign workers from the Developing countries among whom the Moroccans -first beneficiary of this process- are the largest and most dynamic community. Inside this migratory process, the article analyzes main features from some different groups of foreign workers, and in particular Africans : spatial repartition, demographic profile, migratory strategies and trajectories, uneasy insertion in the national employment market, and draws lastly the main features of the Spanish migratory policy.

The phenomenon of immigration in Catalonia and in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona is not new. Infact, in the last century, the immigration has been the key of the demographic system of both areas. The immigrant population from Spain, that was massive in the 60s, has diminished since 1975. Since that date, coinciding with the economical crisis, we can notice the increase of foreign immigrant population. Immigration from Africa and Latin-America is one of the immigration that has suffered a bigger increase. This paper exposes some reflections about the indicators of the integration of migrants. They stem from the analysis of the conditions of life of foreign immigrant population from Africa and Latin-Ammerica, realized in 1994 by the Metropolitan Studies Institute of Barcelona.

The catalan nationalism, the «Catalanism», appears as one of the less aggressive in Europe and especially as one of these who has known to win peaceably one of the largest autonomy in spite of the great heterogeneousness in the cultural origins of its population. This article is a contribution for identify and analyze the paradoxical relations between this nationalism and the different waves of immigration, settled in Catalonia - a region with an very strong identity. In the first part, the author presents quickly the catalan migratory system, etablished on : the historical and social context, an internal migration set up principally during the 50s/60s and a wave from foreign countries (First and Third World) during the 80s. In the second part, the authors draws some representatives features of the evolution in the catalanist speech on immigration through the opinion of varions authors. In the third and last part, the author is trying to show the perception of this ideology by the migrants themselves with the support of her results got during discussions with migrants.

During the decade 85-94, Spain have known some growing and unexpected flows of foreign immigrations. The tradition of emigration of Spanish people, some grave difficulties of employment market in the country, irregular entrance of workers from developing countries, the fear of a very rapid growth of these immigrants, the instability and marginality of their work, and the agreement of Spain in the European Union have led the government to develop an active migratory policy, first against the illegal flows and, more recently, in direction of the integration of immigrants in Spanish society. The exceptional regularization of 1991 have nearly meant the threefold increase of regular foreign workers from the developing countries among whom the Moroccans -first beneficiary of this process- are the largest and most dynamic community. Inside this migratory process, the article analyzes main features from some different groups of foreign workers, and in particular Africans : spatial repartition, demographic profile, migratory strategies and trajectories, uneasy insertion in the national employment market, and draws lastly the main features of the Spanish migratory policy.

On one hand, the former socialist countries of Europe became country of emigration during these last years with some significant emigration flow, even if these one not reached the estimation. On the other hand, mediterranean countries changed to country of emigration. In Spain, half of immigrants from East countries are Polish. Polish immigrants in Spain constitute a small group which is on the increase and which comes from both the rural and the main urban areas in Poland. They usually reside not only in Madrid and the metropolitan surrounding, but also in some coastal provinces in the east and the North, all of which are economically strong areas. The reasons for this new flow are currently considered to be economic, although, several years ago, Poles entered Spain as refugees or asylum-seekers. Their high academic level and professional qualification contribute to their good image and wide acceptance among Spanish society.

In this article, we revise some surveys about Portuguese immigration in Spain in which he puts in highlight these from the anthropologist groups of the Autonomous University of Madrid and University of Leon scientific researches. We go thought statistical sources which provide an information about our study. With these, we obtain outcomes about the evolution of this migratory streams, their destination places and their demographic characteristics. Last of all, we analyse the continuity of these Portuguese's flow in metropolitans areas and Mediterranean front, as well as their integration in the first receiving society in the frontier areas and mining-industrial zones in the North part of Spain.

Immigration has been just recently discovered by the Portuguese sociology. The emergence of the issue is related to changes of the migratory flows, as well as the strengthening of the links between Portugal and the other Western European countries. The article analyses this last stage in the history of migration sociology in Portugal, by reviewing the researches carried out of migration sociology in Portugal by reviewing the researches carried out on flows and social situations of migrants, and on public policies aiming at responding to these flows and situations.

The presence of foreign communities (or communities of foreign origin) in Portugal is a recent phenomena. This paper tries to explain the reasons for the presence of Indian communities in Lisbon, conceiving particular attention to the understanding of the trade strategies developed by the majority of the members of these communities. The logic of settlement and of development (sources of financing, workmanship, relationship between the domestic sphere and the working sphere, location...) of the commerce owned by members of the Indian communities in Lisbon is placed in the most global framework of the development of ethnic commerce in other towns of developed countries. Finally, is advanced a short approach to the development trends of the commerce belonging to owners of Indian origin as well as to its potential role in the process of urban transforming of the central part of Lisbon.

Since the middle of the 70 's the migration balance of Greece has become positive. This in not only due to the return of Greek emigrants from Europe andfrom other countries, but also to the entrance of foreign immigrants in Greece. Whereas until the end of 80's this immigration had still been meager, the opening of the Eastern Europe countries has considerably amplified and even complicated this movement. In order to give an account of the migrations related to Greece, the Greek territory can be characterized by several attributes that account for the way in which a certain form of migration has been understood in relation to this country. Therefore, Greece can be spoken of, not only as a space of work, circulation, settlement, especially for the citizens of the EEC and for clandestine immigrants, but also as a space of retirement, retreat and transit, whether for refugees or for people belonging to a Greek minority. Following this presentation of the different movement, we will attempt a statistical approach of the migratory phenomenon as well as a presentation of the figures for each country of origin, and a global appreciation of the economic and social importance of these migratory movements for Greece. In our conclusion we will return to the role of the Greek State in this migratory phenomena as well as the constraints and pressures exerted during this time in which a migratory policy is being designed.