Contenu du sommaire : Violences, génocides, guerres, homicides, féminicides, crimes, meurtres, représentations esthétiques
Revue | Amerika |
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Numéro | No 8, 2013 |
Titre du numéro | Violences, génocides, guerres, homicides, féminicides, crimes, meurtres, représentations esthétiques |
Texte intégral en ligne | Accessible sur l'internet |
- Editorial - Claire Sourp, Gustavo Forero Quintero, Néstor Ponce
Thématique
- Efeitos de sentido da política de “proteção” aos indígenas brasileiros - Águeda Aparecida da Cruz Borges I discuss in this article, under the contribution of French Discourse Analysis (Pêcheux) expanded and renovated in Brazil by Orlandi and colleagues, the functioning of the legal discourse intertwined with other materialities and how these discourses interpellate the subject indigenous to mean. Also, do some observations on assignments naturalized in Western society, for Indians who live or frequent the city and analyze the meanings stabilized by nominalization "protection" to the Indians of Brazil.
- Au Mexique, la mort suinte dans l'art. Teresa Margolles : quand l'œuvre saigne - Caroline Perrée En ce début de XXIe siècle, le Mexique est le théâtre d'une violence frénétique, sans borne et barbare. Guerre entre cartels de drogue et gouvernement, règlements de compte entre cartels, féminicide de Ciudad Juárez, la violence se décline sous toutes ses coutures et s'étend du Nord à l'ensemble du pays. La scène artistique contemporaine mexicaine se fait le reflet de cette violence tous azimuts et les arts plastiques s'interrogent sur la manière dont il faut la représenter pour la dénoncer. Teresa Margolles est l'une des artistes emblématiques de cette dénonciation parce qu'elle emprunte son vocabulaire plastique aux conséquences de cette violence : le corps assassiné. Son œuvre ne fait pas la part belle à une représentation visuelle de la violence, comme le fait la presse à sensation par une saturation d'images violentes. L'artiste crée chez son spectateur un malaise, qui frôle le dégoût, en utilisant le sang et la graisse humaine du corps mort, les draps et l'eau qui ont servi à le recouvrir et à le nettoyer. Matériaux bruts et matières premières de son travail, elle tisse par leur intermédiaire une esthétique de l'homicide qu'elle met en contact avec son public, afin de le toucher au sens propre comme au sens figuré.At this beginning of XXIth century, Mexico is the theater of a fervent violence, boundless and barbarian violence. With war between drug cartels and government, reprisal between cartels, feminicide of Ciudad Juárez, the violence declines in all of its aspects and extends of the North to the whole country. The Mexican contemporary artistic scene is the reflection of this violence all out and the plastic arts wonder about the way it is necessary to represent it to denounce it. Teresa Margolles is one of the symbolic artists of this denunciation because she borrows her plastic vocabulary in the consequences of this violence : the murdered body. Her work does not place great emphasis on a visual representation of the violence, as makes it the gutter press by a saturation of violent images. The artist creates at her spectator's a faintness, which touches the disgust, by using the blood and the human fat of the dead body, the sheets and the water which served to cover it and to clean it. Raw materials of its work, she weaves by their intermediary an aesthetics of the manslaughter which she puts in touch with her public, to the touch literally as figuratively.
- Les associations incestueuses dans les romans de Milton Hatoum : une écriture de la violence et de la dissolution familiale - Mireille Garcia Le présent article montre comment les relations d'inceste dans les romans de Milton Hatoum représentent l'écriture de la violence et de la dissolution familiale, capables d'ébranler les assises de l'identité familiale. Dans cette optique, il s'agit d'analyser de quelle manière matricides, parricides et fratricides sont engendrés symboliquement au sein de la famille.This paper shows how incest relations in Milton Hatoum romances represent the writing of violence and the family dissolution, able to concuss the bases of the family identity. In this way, it is about analyse how matricides, parricides and fratricides are symbolically engendered within the family.
- Sobre la justa o injusta guerra « a los infieles de la tercera categoría » o a « las gentes bárbaras », comúnmente llamados indios - Luis Gonzalo Ferreyra This paper proposes to analyse the humanism of Bartolomé de las Casas in its close opposition to Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, his famous adversary in the Valladolid controversy. Highlighting the differences in their thinking will foster a more critical study of their shared theocentricity. Through the careful readingof Peruvian philosopher Augusto Salazar Bondy's Bartolomé o De la dominación (1977), this paper seeks to challenge accepted ideas on Lascasian humanism, notably concerning its hegemony.
- Homo argentinus, homosexual, homo bellicum - Christian Estrade Displaced by more accurate literary genders, the non-fiction and the diary, the war novel seems to lose weight in the Argentine fiction. Nevertheless during the dirty war, in times of State terrorism and his late and infamous episode, the Falklands war, three novels were in preparation of eminently warlike cut and of curious composition. Los Sorias of Alberto Laiseca, La guerre des pédés of Copi and Tadeys of Osvaldo Lamborghini register in dissimilar aesthetics though they propose warlike stories that give in a radical reject to the historical facts. Those three works of fiction offer something more than a biased reading of the war, they are parodies that take the language to the limit, the reason to his more absurd expression ; where the horror is grotesque and the torture borders on the comical. But these fictions especially indicates that there where the reason produces monsters, the literature shows that the only route of liberation is the sexuality.
- Les Mayas, victimes de l'histoire dans la guerre civile du Guatemala, 1954-1996 - Daniel Hickey Cet article vise à étudier les causes lointaines de la tension et de la haine qui ont mené à un génocide dirigé contre le peuple maya pendant la décennie des 1980. Il cherche à approfondir deux causes majeures de ces conflits entre l'élite du Guatemala et les peuples indigènes – la terre et le racisme. Chacun de ces thèmes a empoisonné les relations avec le peuple maya et ouvert la porte à la violence qui a marqué le pays de la période de la conquête jusqu'aux guerres du 20e siècle.This article concentrates on the deep and long-term causes of the tension and hatred in Guatemala that led to a genocide carried out against the Maya people in the 1980s. It analyses two of the major issues separating the Guatemala elite and the Mayas – land and racism. Each of these problems poisoned relations with the indigenous people and caused the divisions that marked the country from the period of the Spanish conquest to the 20th century wars.
- Resistencia y poesía en las cárceles argentinas (1976-1983) - Amandine Guillard This article deals with the poetry in prisons considered as an act of resistance in the context of the last Argentinian dictatorship (1976-1983). More specifically, it shows how the state terrorism which caused more than 30 000 people to disappear and 10 000 to be imprisoned for political reasons grounded itself . Besides, it shows how the unlimited practice of violence, whether in the nature or the duration of the inflicted injuries, led to numerous forms of resistance, among which poetry is of paramount importance. The article particularly focuses on the poems written by the political prisoners who stayed in the official prisons of the state. We will therefore analyze the way in which resistance is expressed in the poetical language, first through the assertion of individual or collective identity, and then through the testimonial dimension of certain poems.
- Autochtones et récit policier en Amérique hispanique - Néstor Ponce Cet article a comme objectif l'analyse d'un sujet peu abordé dans les études consacrées à la littérature policière en Amérique hispanique : la présence des indigènes dans ces récits. Pour cela, l'auteur étudie l'œuvre de Leonardo Castellani, Luis Sepúlveda y Marisol Ceh Loo, qui a écrit le roman bilingue maya/espagnol X-Teya, u puksi'ik'al koolel, Teya, un corazón de mujer (2009), de Marisol Ceh Moo.
- El delincuente en la literatura testimonial venezolana - Argenis Monroy Hernández This article discusses how testimonial literature written by criminals in 1970s Venezuela, build alternative models of citizenship that, epistemically, break ethical standards, and the anthropological, pedagogical and sociological legacy of modernity. The analysis focuses on the testimonial novels : Retén deCatia (1972) by Juan Sebastian Aldana, Soy un delincuente (1974) by Ramón Antonio Brizuela and Cárcel Modelo Máxima Seguridad(1976) Franco Calletano Yon. The three works are part of the testimonial genre that emerged manifest in the late 60's in Latin America and, according to theorists such as John Beverley (1987), comes from a lived experience of repression, poverty, exploitation, marginalization, etc. With a basis in theories expounded by Michel Foucault (1993), this study shows that the denunciatory act is the source of testimonies are masked in a discourse articulated « outside the law » in order to imagine an alternative project of the nation through reading and writing.
- El Cadillac en la configuración del protagonista - Elvia Estefanía López Vera This article studies the poetic space of the Mexican writer Martin Luis Guzmán (1887-1976), whom through Cadillac shapes the star in La sombra del caudillo (The Shadow of the Leader). Guzmán´s work may be situated within the sub gender known as Mexican Revolution narrative. The proposal of the analysis of the article is centered in the presence of a symbolic space in which Ignacio Aguirre works through a process of promotion that ends with his sacrifice. I analyze the diverse functions of the automobile through the novel. The characterization of the character through an economic status due to the habitual substitution of the horse for a Cadillac within the Mexican political class ; as well as the intimidation atmosphere, the methonymous manifestation of the feelings of the main character and the dynamic space that accompanies the character towards its fatal destination, that is to say, the transit that goes from its political zenith up to his death. The diverse meaning spheres give Cadillac a symbolic dimension that it is necessary to advert to complement the comprehension of the aesthetic proposal of Guzman´s work.
- Violence homicide, drogues et déstructuration sociale - Olga L. González On parle souvent de la « colombianisation du Mexique » pour décrire le phénomène de la violence au Mexique. La connaissance de processus sociaux de ces deux pays, ainsi que l'examen des données et l'étude des rapports spécialisés sur la violence homicide dans ces deux pays nous permettent de nous pencher sur les différences, les similarités de cette violence, et aussi sur les réponses de la société. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions les niveaux de la violence homicide au Mexique et en Colombie et nous rappelons que ceux-ci sont trois fois plus élevés dans ce dernier pays. Aussi, le parallélisme entre les deux pays se trouve ailleurs, dans les caractéristiques communes à la montée de cette violence. En effet, l'arrivée des mafias, mais surtout la concurrence avec d'autres acteurs armés (l'armée légale ou d'autres groupes) entraîne une hausse brutale de la violence homicide. Par la suite, nous montrons comment les mafias provoquent la hausse des violences homicides dans des régions, vastes en Colombie, localisées au Mexique, où le tissu social est déjà affaibli. Les contextes de déstructuration sociale sont favorables à la pénétration de ces acteurs au sein de la société, qu'ils fragilisent davantage. La dernière partie de cet article explore les différentes réponses (mobilisations sociales) face à ce problème. C'est ici où le contraste entre les deux pays est le plus remarquable. Nous concluons avec quelques questions sur les capacités d'action devant le grave problème de la violence homicide en Amérique latine.The expression « colombianisation of Mexico » is often used to describe the phenomenon of homicidal violence in Mexico. The analysis of social processes in both countries and the study of data and specialized reports nuance this statement. In this article, we will examine the differences and similarities of this violence, as well as society's reactions towards it. Firstly, we will study the levels of this violence, noting that it is three times higher in Colombia than in Mexico. The parallelism must be found elsewhere, in the common characteristics of the rise of violence : the arrival of mafias, but also in the competition with other armed actors (legal armies or other groups) which causes a sharp increase of homicidal violence. Secondly, we will show how mafias cause a rise in violence in places where social fabric is weakened : in large regions of Colombia, and more localized ones in Mexico. The contexts of social disintegration are favorable to the penetration of these actors in a society which subsequently weakens further. Finally this document will explore the social mobilization : the contrast between the two countries is remarkable. We conclude with some questions about the capacity for action to the serious problem of violence in Latin America.
- L'évangélisation des Indiens d'Amérique - Jean-Louis Benoit La légende noire consiste en une lecture très négative de l'histoire de l'Espagne et plus particulièrement de la conquête de l'Amérique. L'Espagne aurait évangélisé par la violence les Indiens au prix d'une extermination massive et d'expropriations. Bartolomé de las Casas, vibrant défenseur des Indiens a dressé un tableau très sombre de la Conquista. Certains de ses jugements doivent être nuancés. La « Controverse de Valladolid » n'a pas eu pour but de savoir si les Indiens avaient une âme, mais de faire le point sur la colonisation et l'évangélisation. La Couronne espagnole a voulu par le système de l'encomienda et de nombreuses lois éviter les abus des colons et protéger les Indiens. L'évangélisation n'a pas pu se faire sans la colonisation. Elle a été marquée par un souci d'acculturation et de métissage. Son succès a été réel. La conquête de l'Amérique du Nord par les Anglais a été plus brutale. La colonisation y a entraîné une exclusion voire une extermination des Indiens. C'est pourtant les Américains du Nord qui ont le plus contribué à la diffusion de cette légende noire antiespagnole.The Black Legend consists in a negative reading of the history of Spain and particularly of the conquest of the Americas. Spain would have evangelized Indians through violence, massive extermination and expropriations. Bartolomé de la Casas, a resolute advocate of Indians, drew a very black picture of La Conquista. But some of his statements must be qualified. “The Controversy of Valladolid” did not aim at knowing if Indians possessed a soul. Its purpose was to assess colonization and evangelization. Through the system of encomienda and the adoption of several laws the Spanish crown wished to prevent abuses from colonists and protect the Indians. Evangelization was not possible without colonization, and was marked by acculturation and a process of racial mixing. Its success was real. The conquest of North America by the British was more brutal. There colonization led to the exclusion, even the extermination of Indians. Though, the anti-Spanish Black Legend was more widely spread by North Americans.
- Carlos Pellicer y Germán Pardo García - León Guillermo Gutiérrez The purpose of this essay is letting the readers to know about the love story between two of the most relevant latinamerican poets (Carlos Pellicer and German Pardo Garcia) and the very first gay poem in mexican poetry during the 20th century. The large poem « Recinto » (Enclosure), written by Carlos Pellicer in 1931 (and published 10 years later), has two major values, being the first homoerotic poem in mexican poetry, and expressing in verses the love story between Carlos Pellicer and German Pardo Garcia.
- La caresse de l'art et les « Mères de la Place de Mai » - Alice Verstraeten La disparition forcée est un crime invisible et indicible. Il semble impossible de représenter un tel crime « continu », fait d'une douleur exponentielle. Pourtant des femmes, les « Mères de la Place de Mai » argentines, sont parvenues à résister. Leur combat se place non dans le champ de la violence répondant à la violence, mais dans le champ de la maternité, de la tendresse, de la caresse. En chemin, elles se sont entourées d'art et d'artistes, car elles retrouvent-là l'essentiel de leurs armes contre la sclérose de la pensée et la terreur. Anthropologue travaillant à leurs côtés, j'ai pu les mettre en lien avec Michèle Lepeer, une artiste peintre. Et observer ce qui émergeait de leur rencontre. Leurs démarches éthiques et politiques se rejoignent dans la volonté de s'inscrire dans une chaîne de transmission, dans la volonté de rattraper le symbolique en lambeaux et d'offrir un espace-temps où inscrire les disparus, une sépulture à ces morts non reconnus. Enfin, leurs démarches se recoupent dans l'attention portée à l'intime pour dire l'histoire collective (forme de microhistoire). Ensemble, elles opposent à l'abîme de la culture de petits liens culturels sans cesse renouvelés, exploratoires. Et l'anthropologue n'est plus que le passeur de témoin.The forced disappearance is an invisible, unutterable crime. It seems impossible to represent that sort of “continuous crime”, made of an exponential pain. But yet womens, argentinian Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, did resist. They are fighting, not with violence against violence. It is a motherhood battle, with tenderness. By the way, they have been surrounded by art and artists, because of a common way to resist terror and mental sclerosis. Being an anthropologist and working with those womens, I had the opportunity to strike up a creative relation between them and Michèle Lepeer, an artist. And then, to observe the relations. They agree in their ethical and political approaches : involved in transmission, they want to counterbalance the teared symbolic and to offer the disappeared people a space-time where exist, kind of sepulture for that unrecongized death. Finally, their approaches are linked in the wish to show intimacy to express our collective history (kind of microhistory). Taken as a whole, those womens do oppose to the cultural abyss… small cultural links, always renewed. They explore. And the anthropologist pass the baton.
- The Sitio de Memoria museum - Angela de Aguiar Araújo, Luciana Leão Brasil For this article, it is detached the Sitio de Memoria museum, in Córdoba, Argentina, to analyze its artistic interventions in the urban narrative. The place recollects the dead and missing people during the military governments, in the twentieth century. By showing for the pedestrians facts of the political history of the town, these interventions have effects on the urban narrative outbreaking the “significant body” of the “city in movement” in its relation with the processes of urban subject identification.
- Otra representación estética de la violencia - Nathalie Narváez This article examines the aesthetics of violence based on a study of Ese obstinado sobrevivir. Autoetnografía de una mujer guatemalteca. Aura Marina Arriola's biography serves as an example of how the social conditions involved in using testimony may determine a kind of aesthetics. There is also a concise analysis of figures which undermine the aesthetic relationship between text and recipient.
- Testemunho, trauma e identidade em Que bom te ver viva, de Lúcia Murat - Lizandro Carlos Calegari This work undertakes to analyze from the point of view of trauma theory the testimony of survivors of torture from the 1964-85 military dictatorship in Brazil, starting from Lucia Murat's film Que bom te ver viva (1989). Basing ourselves on the analysis of testimony from eight ex-prisoners, we established some relationships between the trauma that characterizes the testimony of the victims and the question of identity. Thus, our goal is to demonstrate that the witnesses have political, ethical, and social relevance, and that they contribute to repairing the individual and collective identity of a group that lived at a specific moment in the history of Brazil. As a consequence, the memories of the past must not be deleted so that trauma experienced by a generation may be reviewed for the construction of a more democratic country.
- El gesto expresivo en la gráfica de Leopoldo Méndez - Ana María Torres Arroyo In 1939 Leopoldo Méndez made a folder with seven lithographs titled : In the name of Christ ... have killed more than 200 teachers. The article analyzes the images from aesthetic-political ideas of Mendez and his anticlerical stance.
- Efeitos de sentido da política de “proteção” aos indígenas brasileiros - Águeda Aparecida da Cruz Borges
Mélanges
- La tríada Estado, instituciones religiosas y sociedad civil en la Argentina contemporánea - Fortunato Mallimaci, Juan Cruz Esquivel
- The Triad of State, Religious Institutions and Civil Society in Modern Argentina - Fortunato Mallimaci, Juan Cruz Esquivel
- Bernardo Monteagudo y la « América, que por desgracia se llamó antes española » - Diego A. Jarak Throughout the reading of the Dialog between Atahualpa and Fernando VII in the Champs Elysées of 1809, across the onomastic problem of the name "America", this article reconstructs the intellectual and social environment of the pre independence Latin America as it could have been perceived by one of his most significant voices and therefore slightly studied, as it is the figure of the Argentinian Bernardo Monteagudo.
Comptes-rendus
Littérature
- Eliana Machado, Locus Brasilis - Domingo de Ramos
- Fernando Aínsa, Palabras nómadas. Nueva cartografía de la pertenencia - Eduardo García Aguilar
Sciences sociales
- François Laplantine (dir.), Mémoires et imaginaires dans les sociétés d'Amérique Latine. Harmonie, contrepoints, dissonances - Sylvie Koller
- Roco Carbone et Lorena Soler (dir.), Franquismo en Paraguay : El Golpe - Rubén Torres Martínez
- Pablo Ortemberg, Rituels du pouvoir à Lima. De la Monarchie à la République - Maud Yvinec
Opinion
- América indígena : Peripecia del barro a la poesía - Juan Esteban Villegas
- El orden global - José Luis de Diego
- El pueblo humilde de Venezuela, acompañado por todos los pueblos de América latina, ¡ triunfará ! - Oscar Flammini