Contenu du sommaire : Initiatives et politiques alimentaires territoriales : de nouvelles relations villes-campagnes ?

This thematic dossier reports on some of the debates that took place during the Journées rurales 2021, an international conference organised by the Rural Geography and Trade Geography Commissions of the French National Geography Committee (CNFG) and the Agriculture and Land Engineering Commission of the International Geographical Union (IGU). It examines how contemporary approaches to the relocalization or reterritorialisation of food are reshaping urban-rural relations. The contributions in this issue address this question from the perspective of local initiatives and public policies aimed at supporting territorialized food systems. They explain the social and political processes by which the different actors involved undertake to territorialise part of the food system by instituting localised forms of governance. By focusing here on Territorial Food Projects and school catering supplies, the geographical approach shows that the initiatives dedicated to local food depend on territorial contexts in which the forms of local public action are unevenly recomposed.

This article questions the issues and specificities of the territorialization of food policies in rural areas through the example of two territories located in the hinterland of Montpellier (France) : the Pays Haut-Languedoc et Vignobles and the Pays Cœur d'Hérault. These case studies are involved in the national program of the Territorial Food Projects, which supports the development of local food policies. They show food public action trajectories that are characterized by a shift from targeted thematic policies, in particular around short food supply chains, to a systemic approach. This development is based on the mobilization of resources available at supra-territorial levels, as well as within inter-territorial networks built on proximity relations emerging around the Territorial Food Projects. However, the appropriation of these food policies by sub-territorial actors and residents appears to be a challenge still to be met. Mayors in particular have mixed reactions of rejection, opportunism or adherence. These difficulties can be partly explained by the weight of rural contexts, marked by unequal financial and human means, by distance and low density, which generate barriers in terms of logistics, mobility, and mobilization of actors, and by the institutional structure of these territories in the form of Pays.

In a context of valorization and restructuring of our food, territorial food projects, created in 2014 by the LAAF law, appear to be consistent tools in favor of local development of communities. The evolution of these public policies has proven to be a lever in favor of local development insofar as their implementation allows for the treatment of societal and current issues (food transition, food for all, food waste…) while allowing for the enhancement of the agricultural heritage and food chains of the territory. However, one question remains: what place do local authorities occupy in the construction of these food policies? Is the notion of “agricolité” becoming a benchmark for the emergence of the territorial sensitivity of local authorities in terms of food policy? This article aims to answer these questions by taking as a case study the intercommunities of the Hérault region and attempting to draw up a typology of food policies.

Public policies have enacted legislation to increase the share of local and quality food in the French school meals. This article evaluates the challenges met by the kitchen staff while searching for those supplies, particularly in the areas far away from the urbans centers. These areas are less equipped to answer the needs of collective catering. Fewer enterprises and infrastructures are set there, which develops supply issues for the schools'restaurants. However, these rural spaces are the site of the agricultural production, revealing a paradox in the food system. Therefore, this article explores the adversities in ordering local and quality products for school meals, particularly in non-central areas, and questions this flow organization. Volumes, financial means, lack of offer mixed with the few operators'competition complexify the possibilities for a local food supply. A survey among school restaurants in a French northwestern region (Normandy) allows us to develop a reflection on the food supply organization. We interrogate the attributions conditions of the public contracts, and the role of the major mass catering procurement firms in the lack of local food supply. This case studies specifically the fish supply in 2.4. This article then asks about the scale effect : location, volumes, pooling of resources in production and logistics. Finally, the studied food flows show the interest to implant small processing tools, adapted to the needs and managed directly by the public authority.

Over the last three decades, successive reforms in the French higher education system have transformed the university landscape. The growth in the number of universities and university branches was intended to respond to the massification of the number of students, which increased by 26 % between 2000 and 2020 to 2.7 million. However, this growth in student numbers was not matched with the rise in the number of tenured research lecturers and professors. In France, the recruitment of tenured academics is organised annually through a national competition. Selective steps are conducted at the national level through the National University Council (CNU) to validate applicants'legitimacy to enter the recruitment pool. Only then can applicants apply to the positions posted by the universities with an open academic position. Focusing solely on recruitment in the disciplines of geography and urban planning, this paper provides a spatialized understanding of lecturer recruitment ( maîtres de conférences [MCF]) in France between 2013 and 2020. Using secondary data published on a collective website (wiki), 200 lectureship recruitments are analysed. The aim of this work is both to highlight the (im-)mobile trajectories of the recruited MCFs and to provide a spatial analysis of links between universities training future MCFs and those recruiting either their PhD graduates or those of whom have been considered outside of their respective PhD university alma maters. In conclusion, the article broadens the debate of the applicants' precariousness regarding MCF positions by encouraging the study of the individual and spatialised trajectories of said candidates.

In southwestern China, in the Himalayan foothills, when the country opened up to this new beverage and rediscovered its production, Yunnan province has been the site of intense economic and commercial activities in coffee growing since the 1980s. This article proposes a spatialized analysis of the Chinese coffee sector by exploring the productive and industrial evolutions of the different actors. For this purpose, we discuss the notions of productive basin (BP) and localized production system (SPL). Once this work of confrontation between the concepts and the field has been carried out, the conclusion offers a synthesis on the use of these concepts.

The aim of this article is to study how the choice of the transport modal is made during the night in Yaoundé. Indeed, since the early 2000s, several studies have been carried out either by scientists or by decentralised local authorities, in order to assess mobility and transport in the city of Yaoundé, with a view to proposing solutions for better guide their development. Despite these efforts to theorize urban mobility, the night has remained a time almost forgotten by science and public policy. However, this city marked by the informal economy, forces Yaoundé's dwellers to go out a little more at night. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of interviews conducted in 2020 and 2022 with a hundred inhabitants of this city, this article attempts to update several variables that determine the choice of night mode: rapid urbanization and disorganized; the scarcity and poor quality of transport in a degraded and poorly lit road network; and the personal variables of age and gender.