Contenu du sommaire : Miradas cruzadas sobre la influencia intelectual, cultural y científica entre Perú y Francia

The article deals with the relationship between the French and Peruvian cultures. After recalling the 20th century's French intellectuals -Malraux, Sartre, Camus- the author splits his work into two parts. In the first one, «The French adventure, Peru's sphinx», he underlines that since the Conquest, since Nouvelles certaines des isles du Pérou, published in 1534 in Lyon, the interest in the faraway Peru has never faded: Montaigne, French encyclopedists and travellers, Feuillee, Frézier, Radiguet. Even madame de Graffiny, or Parmentier, who introduced the potato, feature in this major picture of cultural history. The second part focuses on the role that intellectual fashions and trends play in the self-image of Peruvians. In the end he regrets the North American substitution in the field of Education, the methods which have disappeared and the quality prose used for ideas.

In 1746 the city of Lima was devastated by a powerful earthquake that provoked a tsunami that practically destroyed nearby Callao's port. At that time the explanations concerting the origin of natural disasters were of a religious rather than a scientific nature. Therefore, the Catholic Church suggested that the French female fashion that encouraged deeper neck lines, together with shorter sleeves and skirts showing the ankles, may have induced the divine wrath which manifested itself with the seismic onslaught. The provocative newly introduced dress designs were widely used by the women from the upper class and emulated by the popular sectors. The initial impact of the arguments presented against the French fashion was short lived. Eventually French designs would establish its dominance in Lima society and natural disasters were reinterpreted through the scientific arguments of the Enlightenment.

Shortly after the war of the Peruvian independence from the Spanish rule (1821), photography was invented in France (1839). The French government bought the rights of the new discovery to share it with the world (with the exception of England).At that time Peru was experiencing economic prosperity due to the exploitation of huge amounts of guano, a natural resource, and Limabecame an interesting place for the new trade. The first daguerreotype arrived at the port of Callao in 1842, only three years after its discovery. Afterwards French photographers arrived such as Philogone Daviette, Furnier, A de Lattre, Amic Gazan and Emile Garreaud. This last indivdidual started revolutionary technique of the wet collodion, which provided a negative image in a glass plate that allowed multiple reproduction of the image, instead of the unique copy provided by the daguerreotype. In 1860, the French photographer Nadar was very famous in Paris, while in Lima his correspondent Eugene Maunoury opened a fancy studio that made the carte de visite very popular. A few years later, his employee Eugene Courret and his brother bought his share of the business and made of the Courret Brother's Studio the most important one of the history of Peruvian photography until it finally closed in 1935. The Courret archives contain the most important graphic testimony of Peruvian events during the second half of the nineteen and the first three decades of the twentieth century. Courret. Photographed the war with Spain in 1866, the War of the Pacific with Chile and portraits of the most important people of his time. The 55 000 glass negative plates of the Courret Studio were acquired by the Biblioteca Nacional of Peru in the 1980.

Revolutionary movements, as well as their origin, influence and consequences have been recurring topics in Peruvian historiography. Several images exist regarding the specific case of the French Revolutions (1789, mostly). There fluctuate between overemphasizing their impact (being represented as a key event in Peruvian independence) and scarce knowledge of ensuing events, such as 1848. This article aims to offer new perspectives on the impact of the French Revolutions in Peru, focusing on the revolutionary contexts of 1789 and 1848. In order to do so, the article focuses on the mechanisms of dissemination and circulation of information, particularly the role of journalism, public opinion and spaces for socialization. It also deals with the construction of the ambiguous imagery of the revolutions and the policies related to them emanating from the State and its officials. In addition, the article examines some of the transformations that took place in the political culture of the studied period.

During the turn of the 20th century, French clinical medicine and European medical geography had a strong, and little studied, influence among Peruvian physicians. The goals of this paper are to analyze to an important instance of this influence and to highlight local developments influencing its reception, such as nationalism and the search for international academic visibility by publishing in French. Peruvian physicians emphasized the uniqueness of the health and disease environment of the Andes, especially with regards to a bacterial disease called Carrión´s Disease (today better known as bartonellosis). The origin of the name of the disease can be traced to the sacrifice of a Peruvian medical student in the late nineteenth century who experimented in his own body the symptoms of a disease popularly known as Verruga Peruana. Carrión died in his attempt and rapidly became the symbol of the emerging tradition of professional medicine. Ernesto Odriozola, a classmate of Carrion who pursued graduate studies in France, published the first comprehensive study on the history, geographical distribution, and medical treatment of the disease in Paris. His book rapidly became a landmark in Peruvian medicine and its author Dean of the School of Medicine of the University of San Marcos. His work also provides some clues for understanding the practice of Western medicine in a society marked by ethnic and cultural differences.

This paper shows how had an early influence in Peru, especially through the work of Mariano Cornejo, a lawyer who held the first chair of sociology in San Marcos University in 1896. In the 1960's and 1970's, institutional links between French and Peruvian sociology became stronger thanks to scholarships, academic exchange programs, and research projects. Some of the French sociologists who had an important influence in this period were François Bourricaud (power and politics); Alain Touraine (social movements); and Pierre Bourdieu (culture and education). Finally, the paper points out some of the contemporary developments in French sociology that are particularly interesting for Peruvian scholars.

The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the French presence in Peruvian Andean anthropology. The paper identifies and analizes the studies, principal works, authors and theoretical approaches developed either in France or by French researchers that had an influence upon the development of Peruvian anthropology. The paper presents the principal institutional frameworks in which French anthropology dealing with the Peruvian Andes has evolved, and its links with the Peruvian academic world.

When we talk about migratory movements to Peru in the 19th Century, it is difficult to imagine that French people formed one of the most important foreign comunities there. They constituted the third largest European colony, after Italians and British people in the census of 1876. Thus, we have to recognize it was a quite discreet inmigration. The purpose of this article is to describe the French community living in Peru, as well as its evolution in history. Not surprisingly, majority of migrants came from the southwest of France (Pyrénées Atlantiques and the region of Bordeaux). An important proportion of migrants declared as coming from Paris can maybe be understood as using Paris as an intermediary provenance, just a step in their move from an undetermined region of origin. French people were mostly involved in the small-scale and luxury commerce, but crafstmen formed a major sector of activity for this colony, whose size began to reduce after the war with Chile.

This article presents a snapshot of the French presence in Peru in 2005; a diachronic analysis provied to be impossible due the absence of sources or their own deficiencies. After a presentation of the statistical and cartographic limits of such a study, the spatial distribution of French people in Peru will be analyzed and their setting in the metropolitan area of Lima will be stressed. Finally, the last part of this essay establishes a concordance between the place of residence of French people, and socio-professional category to which they belong. This correlation permits an approximation of their socio-economic situation. The analysis is based on several maps and tables of synthesis which allows the visualization of some pieces of information regularly described without spatial representation. Furthermore, this study aims to offer some brief replies to the followings questions: is the French community in Peru homogeneous or heterogeneous? Do French people get together in some special areas of Lima or do they set up in the Peruvian capital in an undifferentiated way? What are the reasons of their place of residence? Is there a relationship between their place of residence and their socio professional category?

The stamp of France has particularly been marked in Peru in the areas of culture, political ideology, sciences and discoveries, urbanism, architecture and daily life. This is always evident in some scientific disciplines despite of having less influence than Anglo-Saxon trends. On the other hand, the weakness of France trade with Peru and French investments in this country is historic.The central issue to which this article offers some brief replies can be expressed in the following terms: if the economical influence of France is inversely proportional to its cultural and scientific presence from the 16th to 20th century —or at least until the 19st century— do we assist by catching up with trade and investments at the beginning of the 21st century? If the economical presence of France in Peru is weak, its cultural and scientific influence, more difficult to quantify, remains clearly marked.