Contenu du sommaire : La population face à l'emploi - Population and work opportunities

New trends of employment opportunities in France The growth of the French labour force has been slowing down for the last few years, essentially because the young stay in school longer and take their first jobs later. The labour force has begun to age, whereas the ratio of women to men and the average standard of education have risen. At the same time, the range of possible employment has considerably diversified owing to growing difficulties on the work market, which have led to an increasing exclusion of that manpower which is supposed to be the least skilled and productive.

The measure of employment: comparisons in Europe Comparable data about employment do exist in the European Community countries. The methods used to analyze them efficiently should make it possible to suppress the structure effects. Very important differences of employment rate profiles by age are focused. These differences are not likely to disappear with the Single Market.

Manpower and patterns of activity: the precarious boundaries of formal sector The patterns of manpower utilization in post-industrial societies do not change in the way of a formal and systematic standardization in the world of labour, in spite of all was still recently thougth. Those patterns trend to vary, questioning the precarious boundaries between the formal and the informal sectors.

Management of works, family structures and female activity 6 As part of a long term evolution, the increase in the number of working women has led to radical changes. Some of these reflect the emergence of new forms of sociability; others are part of a more specific socio-economic context. The coexistence of several patterns (patrimonial, conjugal or communal) as observed through the use of recent empirical material, enriches our understanding of the various types of interaction between the changes in family relationships and the feminization of the workforce.

About the geography of labour: retrospect and prospect The industrial development in the second half of XIX century had concentrated employment and inhabitants in the regions of mining, heavy engineering and in metropolitan areas. The present tendencies call the localisation of new industries with high productivity in areas where are jointed the high training of staff and the advantages of agréable residence. But the industrial regions of the first generation refuse to decay and after the clearing of social effects of crisis, imagine new creating activities.

Regional disparities of the working population's evolution The regional disparities of the employment trends were increased by the breaking down of 1974. Since 1974 to 1986, the redistribution of works was realised to the detriment of the most of the regions of North and East. The links between the growth of unemployment and the net variation of employment are different according to regions. Migrations, activity behaviours and demographic structures are important factors of evolution.

Beyond the distinction between secondary and tertiary industries : a model of analysis of employment's regional trends Since 1975, a new categorisation of jobs has progressively come to light; it suggests a new type of approach of the phenomenon, based on a length chronological analysis of the annual employment balance in each branch of activity. It breaks with their usual a priori grouping into two blocs: secundary and tertiary industries. A hierarchic grading allows the working out of significant arrangements based on the regional ability (or disability) in creating jobs over a long enough period. The typologies thus elaborated constitute significant indicators of the modification of regional activities. They also lead to reflecting on their relationships to space with a comparative outlook.

Works in service industries in Picardy : grounds and trends In Picardy, services are not developped comparatively with other French regions. What are the grounds of this situation? The author has analyzed the structures of regional population by social categories and level of education. The outflows of the course of studies are not enough qualified. In another way, we can observe that manufacture's employment creates too little jobs in service industries. The neighbourhood of Paris is also a ground of this economical structure.

Changes in employment in the Paris region In the Paris Region (Ile-de-France), firms of a certain size (more than 10 workers) provide most of the employments. A lot of these firms are dealing with Upper- stream services for industries, Automobile or High technologies. They set in Ile-de- France their directional jobs, more skilled than anywhere else in France, and especially in the surrounding "ZPIU" (industrial and urban zones). They also give its shape to the inner metropolitan spatial organization.

Employment of young people leaning school : the example of Basse- Normandie region The survey, done in Basse-Normandie in 1983-84 by the French Ministry of Education, have shown that the output of the school system for the years 1984-85 confirms the results obtained at the national level. According to a low level of training, a great proportion of young students is jobless. Temporary employment increases, such as TUC's or short probation periods. Basse-Normandie is somewhat reculias, in terms of apprenticeship, which is highly developed in the region, and also because of the great proportion of young students leaving school before achievement, without enough training and without diplomas.

French and foreign workers of Renault manufactories. Practices of work force mobilization Renault, in Billancourt as in Flins, employes the same number of French and foreign workers. For the same place of work and the same qualification, the place of housing varies strongly according to the nationality. The employment area of the both manufactories places side by side housing areas induced by the presence of the manufactory and housing areas of workers of varied nationalities, independent of Renault.

Job turnover and geographical mobility in France between 1976 and 1980 Examining links between job turnover and geographical mobility, one finds that they exhibit a basic feature. Those whose migration frequency is highest and who migrate on longest distances are those with the lowest job turnover: highly skilled workers, of medium age working in rural or low urban level areas.

Localization of jobs and périphérie urbanization Employment in the tertiary sector is increasing whereas it is decreasing in industry. Because the tertiary sector is highly concentrated in large towns, they mostly take advantage of this growth. The overflow from the center of a town towards its suburb concerns employment less demographic phenomena. In fact, the largest urban areas are mainly benefiting of this rise.

Peripherie urbanization and job's migrations in the Paris region In Ile-de-France, suburbanization is going on faster for residence than for jobs. These migrations in search of better housing conditions determine an increase of commuting and a critical congestion of the transportation system.

Migrations and activities in Languedoc-Roussillon region South is attractive for French population. This paper presents the leadings results of a survey about internal migrations towards Languedoc-Roussillon. After a description of the migrant, the author shows the part of work in this migration and what kind of activities are choosen by the newcomers.

Productive system and jobs' creation Movement of population in national space is conditioned by a new productive system where we can see superposition of different functions (information, environment). This leads to create modern activity branches and news areas favoured now and in the future.

Migrations and mobility of the civil servants Accessions to public offices happen often in the North of France or in Paris area. Many civil servants take off the South or West coast to retire. Most of officials' transfers get from Paris surroundings to the coast regions or the South of France. Regional civil public services depend on those mobilities as well on ministries distributions and development. Geographic transfers particularly concern young people. Teachers are less mobile than the other high-grade employees. Sometimes, mobility walks with promotion or needs interruption or change in trade.

Geographical mobility for teachers in vocational training Geographical mobility, often based on professional and social mobility, still remains relativelly weak in France. The studied category (Technical College teachers), is subjected to a very strong mobility, as in the case of civil servants, where it was found that 46.3 per cent have changed region at the time of their appointment. It is more often the case of those originating from the South, and more often those who have just been recruited by competitive examination. This forced mobility is accompanied by a strong will to return to their place of origin.

Employment and training in crafts and trades in the Britanny region. 1982-1987 Between 1982 and 1987 Brittany has experienced a considerable increase in the number of registrations on the Professional Register (Répertoire des Métiers) of self- employed tradesmen and craftsmen. This development is linked to the worsening employment situation. Among the new generations of craftsmen and tradesmen the proportion of women is rapidly rising, as is the average age. The proportion of new craftsmen struck off the register in the first few years of work is very high. Failure is particularly widespread among young people, women, and those with no professional qualifications.

Mobility-precariousness, toward a new labour The classic approches of mobility lead to a normative conclusion: mobility is desirable. The analysis of new forms of mobility, as a result of economic restructuration lead to consider mobility as a counter-productive factor and to examine the question of optimal territory in definition of economic and social policies.

A local approach of unemployment The measure of unemployment presents some difficulties in local scales, and shows an indefinite area between employment, non employment, unemployment. Through various appearances of unemployment in an employment basin it is possible to build up a comparative rate, allowing to distinguish spacial differences about unemployment.

The measure of the territorial mobility of unemployment This article presents some periodical measures of unemployment which are used for local analysis in France: rate of unemployment, rate for long time unemployment, difficulty to leave unemployment, rate of entering in unemployment. These measures are not sufficient for a strict analysis of unemployment in term of duration and rotation. So the second part of this article presents an adequate method with an indicator of the mobility of the labour market and two applications at French local analysis.

Employment of young people leaning school : the example of Basse- Normandie region The survey, done in Basse-Normandie in 1983-84 by the French Ministry of Education, have shown that the output of the school system for the years 1984-85 confirms the results obtained at the national level. According to a low level of training, a great proportion of young students is jobless. Temporary employment increases, such as TUC's or short probation periods. Basse-Normandie is somewhat reculias, in terms of apprenticeship, which is highly developed in the region, and also because of the great proportion of young students leaving school before achieve- ment, without enough training and without diplomas.

Entry into working life of young people middle and high schooled Regional disparities have not been basically affected in a context of degradation, of employment with measures aiming at developing apprenticeship and training periods to facilitate access to the first job. The most favoured regions remain the Paris area and Rhône- Alpes. North, North-East, South-East and Western regions are the most seriously affected. The new development is that Dijon and Besançon areas are loasing their comparative advantage.

Causes of young North Africans' unemployment in France Unemployment strikes quite early North African young people. It is now affecting more and more young women. That can be explained first by their poor schooling achievements. At school, these young people are hindered and frustrated by language, racial and cultural differences. But they also are without work because they are excluded from professional training programs precisely because of the inadequacy of the school and professional training systems.