Contenu du sommaire : Entreprendre et communs

Despite a conceptual neighborhood that seems obvious, research on cooperation and networks have grown apart from each other. We propose to link them, while considering the mobilization of social ties as a process of engagement to cooperation. The articulation of Granovetter's program about the notion of weak tie and strong tie with Dameron's dual approach of cooperation, then allows distinguish the weak tie that does not cooperate, from the one that includes a cooperative potential. This result presents a challenge for a manager seeking resource in the phase of mobilization of social links, both within the organization and in other organizations.

Political CSR has raised an increasing interest in Business and Society field of study in recent years. It refers to the movement of companies into the political sphere to address the social and environmental problems. The aim of this article is to review the theoretical foundations of the political role of companies, to underline their limitations and to develop a critical research agenda by showing how political CSR constitutes a governable space that is a specific configuration of discourses, rationalities, programmes and technologies of government.

By analysing clubs' individual behaviour, this research suggests a typology based on their level of budget constraint, induced by the capacity of their shareholders to fund losses. It is thus possible to conclude that only a very small number of clubs operate under a “soft” budget constraint (SBC) characterising a “bad” governance (Andreff, 2009). This research also enables to show that clubs adapt their behaviour to the requirements of the sectorial regulation that applies to them, transferring to the latter a share of responsibility in the governance of these organisations.

Academic literature regarding entrepreneurship and the commons are generally distinct. However, there are grass-root level initiatives combining an entrepreneurial approach and a desire to create commons. The article document and characterize the development of closer ties by mobilising the processual perspectives that are developing both in the field of entrepreneurship and in that of the commons. This linkage allows us to analyse in the field, through an ethnographic study, the emerging process of a cooperative and participatory supermarket organized in common (s). The results of the research show that the linkage between the entrepreneurial approach and the creation of commons depends on the ability of a deliberative community to organize itself when mobilising a plurality of exchange principles.

Starting from two variables determining the nature of a common knowledge (the mode of governance and the systems of property rights), we make the hypothesis that the dynamic of contributory self-organized production of knowledge, emblematic of the fablabs, related to a common knowledge as defined by Hess and Ostrom (2007) and in this sense is a new lever for entrepreneurship. To evaluate the relevance of this hypothesis, we will confront these theoritical arguments with an empirical study of various actors of six fablabs. We'll see which variables must be at the heart of fablab governance to promote projects in common and for the common.

This article examines the virtuous mechanisms and the limits of the social capital dynamics in Skill-based Sponsorship between Companies (SSC). The SSC is whereby one company transfers skills to another, for free, and organized under the governance of an association. Its purpose is to defend the Common Good through employment development. Based on the two case studies, we demonstrate that the ability to transform the social capital requires that the network be directive, normative, inclusive and that it promotes delinking processes.

Through crowdfunding platforms based on the subscription-based model, content creators solicit the crowd of internet users to support them with their projects over a long period. Our research is based on a qualitative methodology founded on the monitoring and analysis of the fundraising conducted by comics authors on the Tipeee and Patreon platforms. It provides a better understanding of the mechanism and issues of the subscription-based model. This includes positioning this crowdfunding model amongst other forms of donation-based models. We also highlight the reasons for this choice and the difficulties encountered by those who choose this source of funding.

Entrepreneurship in the cultural industries if often poorly perceived in the artistic community. Artists show little interest, lack of knowledge and are usually not very competent in entrepreneurship. This leads to an important problem for professional artists who are struggling to have a viable practice given these weaknesses. The results of 50 semi-structured interviews suggest as a solution to this weakness to promote collective entrepreneurship. Initiatives promoting collective entrepreneurship among artists demystify this practice and foster collaboration between artists instead of competition in the art market. Artists are collectively stronger, and these initiatives also draw the attention of policy makers and the public to the art market. The results of this research therefore propose concrete solutions to enable artists to perpetuate their practice.