Contenu du sommaire : Les mobilités spatiales

Mobility, interactive social Systems and territorial Dynamics. In this article, the author puts the very notion of mobility once more into question for himself. Rather than approaching the subject from the view-point of different social origins, or individual motivations, the author proposes to consider it, rather more than in past studies, as a direct consequence of the organisation of urban space. This approach brings together the considerations shared by planners, developers and transport managers. The conditions of mobility transform towns as much as towns themselves transform these conditions. This helps us to fully appreciate the urban scene as a system of social interactions between families and employers and thus leads us on to consider the evolution of movements as being a symptom of the development of territorial dynamics. These dynamic changes do not only affect the urban level but also several other levels at different geographic scales with a definition which evolves with the actual daily or occasional travel mobility.

Obtaining Data on Mobility : from the historic Recordings of Migrations to Family Group Biographies. The need to understand the decision making process at the origin of migrations and the choice of location of individuals has brought many researchers to consider adopting a framework of analysis destined to fully consider the strategy of individuals within their space. This field of analysis of mobility appears to be very dynamic and rich both for the considerations of theoretical analysis and for practical experimentation. This paper presents recent developments in methodologies and their use. Having identified the major axes of these innovations on the basis of either their questioning of the time base on the phenomena, or a more precise appreciation of the spatial origins, the psychology or social aspirations of the individuals, or the unit measure considered to be the most appropriate (individual, network, or family circle), the author proposes the type of data collection involved and the conclusions that may be drawn from these different concepts. The author concludes with a demonstration of a data gathering process which integrates the study of migrations in a larger context that is based on longitudinal group dynamics, the family circle, all of which being shaped by the interactive trajectory of each of its members.

Residential Mobility and Commuting in the Paris Region. Residential moves and travel to work are in most cases investigated separately. Our proposal is to consider them as two ways in which people try to fit with changes in the location of employment and housing stock within the Paris Region. The examination of censuses reflects that average commuting distances are higher for moving out population than for those remaining in the same accommodation during the intercensal period. The employment shift is only a secondary ground of residential move which is more justified by the evolution of family choices as for as their accommodation is concerned.

Commuting within the Paris Basin. A statistical Approach. The commuters are particularly numerous in the Paris basin. The exhaustive exploitation of DADS (Annual Declarations of Social Data) enables us to take stock of the situation at the end of 1995. A gravity model measures the spatial interaction between employment basins. A logistic regression model characterizes the individual factors that guide the choice to live far from the workplace. Commuting reflects the current balance between a centripetal function of time and a centrifugal function of space appropriation. Indeed, the distance is the main obstacle to the lengthening of commuting. Their spatial distribution depends especially on the concentration of the workers in the Paris metropolis. However, the commuting distance is proportional to income. Householders give more importance to the qualities of their residential environment than to the relational advantages of the city centre. This entails a positive correlation between economic growth and the development of commuting.

The Purchase of Second-Hand Houses in City Area and Residence Mobility. In France, residence mobility is increasingly expressed by a rising number of people buying second-hand accommodation ; this can be explained by the expansion of real estate market, by the evolution of the housing financing system and by the importance of the notion of property in France today. However it is difficult to define at a local level this important component of urban dynamics, because of the inadequacy of statistics institutes to measure this phenomenon. There are a few sources of information, but they are not easily accessible. Though the study of this residence mobility is a key indicator in the evolution of socio-geographi- cal evolutions in urban areas, this confirms how difficult it is to grasp the meaning of household choices in terms of their residential strategy.

Mobility and residential Aspirations in the Housing Stock to rent in Caen. At the end of 1996, the low-rent social housing Caen Habitat houses amount to 25.000 people, that is to say 20 % of the population of Caen. Surveys dating from 1993 and 1996 stated a widespread impoverishment of the HLM population and a more deteriorated social situation in the parks located in the south than those in the north of the city. Today, being a HLM tenant refers to an unintentional situation which lasts because of the low-income and social problems. However, living for years in a HLM unit does not exclude residential mobility : people are attached to their neighbourhood. When you cannot plan the future, the only chance to improve your life is moving out to another street. chance to improve your life is moving out to another street.

Daily Mobility and metropolitan Dynamics : the Lyons urban Area, 1982-1990. Rise in trips in the outskirts, increase and lengthening of commuters journeys between suburbs and urban centres, centres which get broader... These are main tendencies that are characteristic of daily urban mobility transformations by the end of the twentieth century. They express a smashing up of functional scales and new ways of living in broken up metropolitan territories. These evolutions can be illustrated through the analysis conducted in the Lyons urban region of the evolution of home-work trips between the two last French population censuses.

Consumers' Mobility and new Retail Outlets The evolution in shoppers' mobility is the crux of the matter. What we mean by proximity is slowly changing. There is an ever-increasing gap between retail shopping and homes and it shows that relations between the supply and domestic sectors are being completely transformed. A less clearly outlined retail shopping is taking over from the sharp dichotomy which exists between the town and out-of-town centres, each one specialising in its own specific branch. The city centre retail outlets are on the defensive and are constantly losing their market share to retail parks situated on the outskirts. More and more families have cars, even two cars, more and more women work, families are increasing moving to house situated outside the town or on the outskirts ; all these factors lead to a greater mobility among shoppers ; it could even be called a peregrination within the area, and is linked to other reasons for travelling.

Neighbourhoods faced with suprametropolitan Mobility In the «newly developing town» the increase in urban mobility does not imply the death of the local community. The results of an in-depth questionnaire proposed to 1697 households in various old quarters in town centres show that local neighbourhoods are still important areas of social life (of varying degrees depending on the population and the context). In fact the inhabitants manage to combine local roots and urban mobility.

Forms and Mechanisms of urban Mobility in Algeria During the thirty last years, the Algerian urban society has known three cycles of mobility. A centripetal mobility induced the Algerians from old urban centres and precarious suburbs to move to the European neighbourhoods that were deserted when Algeria became independent. Afterwards thanks to industrialisation and equipment, social mobility and daily migrations have concerned all the urban stratums while a selective residential mobility exclusively centrifugal was beginning in the large cities. The latter has for about fifteen years, amplified and stretched territorially and socially talking, thanks to the massive public intervention in the housing and then to the liberalization.

Illegal Immigrants, the formal Economy, and precarious Housing : Vectors and Limitations on the Mobility of Foreigners in Italy. Italy has only recently become a destination for immigrants, but it already occupies a particular position in the complex interplay of international migration flows. For some, Italy is simply a transit point on the way other countries or a popular tourist destination, but it has in recent times started to attract populations who move very little once they have settled somewhere. The only noteworthy example of mobility is when they look for work during the first year of their stay. They may move within the region or within the country as a whole, so that foreign populations are eventually redistributed from the various ports of entry to the urban centres where they tend to settle. Here there is little movement within the city, because there is little subsidised housing, because those concerned are illegal entrants and work mostly in the informal economy.

Manifold Mobility Patterns among Bogota's Inhabitants. To improve the analysis of urban dynamics, we need a better grasp of the mobility patterns of urban dwellers, at various space and time levels (from day to day commuting to life histories) as well as across social groups (from the mere individual to the family, or her/his network). This is the perspective used throughout this paper, based on demographic data collected in Bogota in 1993. The paper will first describe the data and introduce some conceptual difficulties related to its analysis. It will then bring into view the positive results of this approach of mobility for its perception of the complex mobility patterns of individuals and families. With the help of concepts such as residential space and residential system, the author focuses on the relationships between the different patterns of mobility and the choices among those possibilities at individual, household and family levels. Acknowledging the multilocal characteristic of spatial patterns of mobility gives the opportunity of a fresh view on urban research fields, which were traditionally investigated solely through housing.

New Form of Migration to tourist Regions in Reconversion. Since about ten years ago, Walloonia has been confronted with a new form of migration. The new migrants leave city centres to live permanently in tourist regions, situated in rural land. For a lot of them, this choice is imposed by the search for a better normal environment and a certain resocialization, it is nevertheless true that the main reasons are the possibility of home ownership and a ratio quality of live / prices of housing more attractive than which prevail in city centres. However this new form of housing presents many problems : unlawfulness to take up main home there, tourist equipment not at all adapted to a permanent residence.

Drop out Populations' practical Experience : the Example of «Binners» in Vancouver. This article explores the experience of urban space by the scavengers of Vancouver (Canada). These «binners» - as they are called colloquially - are marginal people who collect bottles, cans and other used items from garbage bins. This activity contributes to their being confined to a marginal position. Most of them live in Downtown Eastside, the city's poorest neighbourhood. By "binning", individuals develop some skills ; they render a service to the city ; social relationships develop between the rich and the poor.