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Enlightenment, Slavistics, and National Awakening After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the emergence of the 'new' nations and states of Eastern Europe, research into nationalism became fashionable. Forgetting the farreaching, lasting impact of the Enlightenment, many authors began to interpret the work of the early Slavists and thinkers of national revival as an expression of so-called 'cultural nationalism'. This article attempts to return to the true origins of the concept of the national idea, rooted in the 18th century.

The Slavic World in the Periodicals in German in Croatia, 1789-1848 Since the end of the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century the amount of periodicals published in continental Croatia kept growing. More or less ephemeral, those prints were written in a large part in German, as in other regions of the Habsburg monarchy. The contributors were not always Croatians. Some of them had come from Bohemia (Josip Praus), Slovenia (Rudolf Puff) or the German-speaking part of Austria (Franz Stauduar). Through those publications, they found a place in a local (Zagreb, Karlovac) or regional environment. The use of the German language in order to deal with the past, the present state and the future of the Slavs was self-evident for those former students of German-speaking universities. Many of them tended to write in both languages. The consciousness of a specific Slavic identity developed progressively. Such was the case of Emmerich Tkalac, who kept being critical towards a German-speaking press in Zagreb, which he thought proved not to be of any cultural or political value, since it was in fact conceived in Vienna. Der Pilger, Agramer Zeitung, Luna, Croatia: those titles have nevertheless played a role as cultural mediators between Slavs and German-speaking readers. In the articles dedicated to Slavic history and literature, those themes became important moments of self-reflection. A publication of the best Slavic texts in German was then perceived as an approval. Paradoxically, the recognition of Slavic cultural achievements in those periodicals tended to question the relevance of the German language as a communication medium in Croatia, and hence of such periodicals in the long term.

The Hagiographical Palimpsest of Early Medieval Poland: Spatial and Temporal Points of Reference in the Worship of Saint Stanislas of Szczepanowo From the example of the Medieval worship of Saint Stanislas of Szczepanowo, an eleventh-century martyr, the article aims to evoke the symbolic value of time and space in the advent of the first local hagiographical cults in Poland before the end of the 13th century. Referring to the hagiographical file about that bishop of Cracow, the approach consists in relating the evolution of his worship, the official one and the popular one, so as to emphasize the spatial and temporal points of reference allowing to prove the continuation of the ancient autochthonous myths under Christian veneer. Considering the symbolic dimension of two liturgical commemoration dates dedicated to Saint Stanislas of Szczepanowo may lead to a few significant mythological dues. Such examples show some ways taken by Christian acculturation on the ground occupied by former Indo-European pagan religion.

The Fate of the Vita of Stephen Dečanski in Russia: From the Serbian Biography to the Denationalization of the Text of the Russian Redaction The researcher elaborates a typology of the Russian variants of the texts of the Vita of Stephen Dečanski from point of view of a loss of Serbian facts with the shortening of the text by Russian hagiographers. The redactors of the Velikie Minei Četji noticed within it the apparition of Saint Nicholas and subjected the text to a fundamental reworking. Nevertheless, in the first redaction of the VMČ Vita placed on the 9th of May of the Sofia compilation, one part lies in the end of the Vita in a work attributed to Joseph Volockij – it deals with the miracles that Stephen makes while defending his monastery against greedy Serbian princes. The redactors of the Moscow set of December books decided to eut this 'Serbian part', and in the 17th century two different redactions of the Vita were cast from the shortened text in the various printed Vita and miracles of Saint Nicholas. There is also the Synaxarion Vita of the Russian redaction with the same loss of Serbian facts. The only text that does not omit the Serbian themes remains the Vita within historiography: this is the Russian Chronograph of 1512 with the Serbian articles. The author analyses the link between the denationalization of the Vita and the composition of the VMČ, and makes a conclusion regarding editorial intent within the context of the official ideology 'Moscow – the third Rome' of that time.

The Literary Heritage of the 'Zealots of Piety': Myth or Reality? This study analyses the literary heritage of the 'zealots of piety' – a group of Muscovite clergy and laity who worked out projects of reform in the 17th century. N. F. Kapterev, Pierre Pascal, Vera S. Rumianceva and Wolfgang Heller have been dealing with that group, but many questions concerning the 'zealots of piety' have remained open. This article is an attempt to characterize texts attributed to the 'zealots'. These texts and their supposed authors are being discussed in chronological order. A certain Agafonik, the owner of a handwritten miscellany, whom several texts are attributed to, is discussed in detail. Using a new archival document, I also deal with the literary heritage of Stefan Vnifant'ev's, who was tsar Aleksej Mixajlovič's confessor. My conclusion from this study of texts and their authors is that the 'zealots of piety' were no 'textual community' and that the texts did not play a key role for them. Nevertheless it was among the 'zealots of piety' that Muscovy's most ingenious seventeenth-century writer, the protopop Avvakum, author of a famous autobiography, was formed.

About the Russian School of Russian Formalism Usually Russian Formalism is symbolized by the so called Opojaz of Petrograd (1915-1930) and by the works of its chief members, Šklovskij, Èjxenbaum, Tynjanov, Tomaševskij. However in Moscow there was also a Formalist group, whose central personalities were at the beginning Roman Jakobson, later G. O. Vinokur and B. I. Jarxo. Their activity is linked with the Moscow Linguistic Circle (1915-1924) and with the GAXN (1921-1929). According to some scholars, mainly M. I. Šapir (1962-2006), the legacy of the Moscow group is much more signifîcant that the Petrograd' s one. The paper gives an account of the activity of the Moscow formaliste, of its less known members such as M. M. Kenigsberg, A. I. Romm and B. V. Gornung, and underlines the main points of differences between Moscow and Petrograd. Finally the author tries to answer the question: is it relevant to speak of a Moscow school of Russian Formalism?

The Subversive Usage of History in Ivo Andrić's Works The purpose of this paper is to reveal an aspect of Ivo Andrić's works which has been very little studied so far: the subversive potential of his novelistic philosophy. Having in mind the problematic ideological context people from ex-Yugoslavia have been living in since the latest conflict, it seemed important to me to take Andrić's works out of the different temptations of political instrumentalization and reconsider his aesthetic and ideological contribution in the light of modem literature theory. Although the spatiotemporal framework of his novels has been clearly identified (Bosnia during the Ottoman period), 'historical novel' as a traditional literary category has been proved definitely inappropriate for demonstrating the original feature of his artistic creation. By mixing some elements of factual history with popular legends and mythic tales, Andrić pushes back the frontiers of the novelistic genre and ventures into unexplored regions of the search of identity. Thus, Andrić does not try to restitute Bosnia as it was during the Ottoman period but as it could be perceived and understood by people searching for their own history.

Didascalia Text as a Dialogue of an Author with His Own Fiction : Exemplified by Plays of Biljana Srbljanović and Ivana Sajko Text beyond didascalia and the didascalia texts in the plays of contemporary authors such as Ivana Sajko and Biljana Srbljanović stand for a great advancement in the treatment of the secondary dramatic text. In their didascalia texts the voice of the author is so predominant that it often stands as a rival and competitive one to those of the author' s characters. The didascalia show in a form of dialogue of an author with his own fiction whose existence can be doubtful as well. The very status of didascalia is undermined by the fact that the acting dramatic characters are placed in the didascalia own space. They are placed there notwithstanding the fact that they do or do not exist in the source dramatic text. The greatest achievement in exploring these new possibilities of a dramatic text was obtained by Ivana Sajko who abolished the difference between the primary and the secondary dramatic text.

A Case of Bulgakovian Intertextuality in Russian Contemporary Literature : The Andrej Dmitriev's Phantom of the Theatre (Prizrak teatra) (2003) At first glance, there seems to be very little in common, apart, maybe, from an elusive allusion to the play The Run, between the work of Mixail Bulgakov and The Phantom of the Theatre (Prizrak teatra), a recent opus by the contemporary Russian novelist Andrej Dmitriev, written in reaction to the terrorist attack on Moscow Dubrovka Theatre. However, a closer reading of Dmitriev's book reveals Bulgakov' s influence on the whole structure of The Phantom of the Theatre, and helps understand its global meaning. The world described by Dmitriev is a cruel world of delusion, dominated by a theatrical Devil. The fact that the tragic and politically delusive events of fall 2002 took place in a theatre, underlines the relevance of any attempt to read Dmitriev's work in connection with Bulgakov' s. Far from the usual textual extravagances programmed by contemporary intertextual references to Bulgakov 's works, Dmitriev prefers to stick to a more classical aesthetic to face the everlasting enemy of humanity.

In his work entitled On Macedonian Affairs (Za makedonskite raboti, 1903), the Macedonian linguist Krste Petkov Misirkov qualifïed the Macedonian renaissance in the following terms: 'If in the past we learned through Christianity and writing, firstly and progressively while other Slavs have done it after us and very quickly, today, when all Orthodox Slavs have progressively elaborated their literary languages, their rich literature and created their orthography, we remain behind ail of them, almost without literary tradition, not because we don't have one, but because we forget what belongs to us, learning what is foreign.' This intransigent and pertinent statement recalls in fact the leading part played by the Macedonian language in the 9th century in the conversion of Slavs to Christianity. In his work, Misirkov shows that the Macedonian language is a language distinct from the Serbian and Bulgarian languages. Не affïrms that the Macedonians are a nation distinct from the Serbian and Bulgarian nations. Не scientifically opposes the négation of the Macedonian identity. As a Slavic language, the Macedonian language would be the last to be made officiai (August 2nd 1944). However, the Macedonian language and nation are still denied. We attempt in this work to establish the reasons and the consequences for this denial throughout history.

Linguistic Changes in Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian The author of this paper is examining how Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are changing today, based on doublets found in dictionaries of language difficulties, grammars, style guides... Changes can be observed at different levels: in prosody (with evolutions of the common accentuation system, combining short and long vowels with rising and falling tones), in morphology (with a tendency to a single theme in noun inflexions, due to a receding of assibilation, of the mobile vowel and all of the alternation pattern; a tendency for flexional endings to be unified after consonants that are no longer palatal; an extension of the differential suffix -ov), in syntax (with an extension of the conjunction bez da, the use of the perfective present with the adverb možda, the use of accusative with passive pronominal verbs, the use of the animate accusative form of the masculine relative pronoun instead of the inanimated form with antecedents referring to things or notions, like in automobil kojeg — instead of koji — je kupio 'the car that he boughť). The standard languages may or may not accept these changes. However their presence in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia as well as Montenegro clearly shows the deep single foundation underlying the BCMS linguistic system.

Tracking Degrammaticalization : Mediativity in Some Pomak Dialects in Greece The analysis of a corpus of tales in Pomak (Greece), reveals the use of a grammaticalized mediativity form by old speakers and the use of the perfect paradigm (mediativity strategy) by younger speakers. This loss goes through a phase of variation for the intermediate generation: loss of auxiliary is maintained in cases of repetition (intensive/ durative value); for inchoatives and modals + da + Vindicative; for cases of coordination; and for the introductory formula of tales. We can make the hypothesis that those syntactic contexts were the ones that gave rise to the use of the verbs without auxiliary to express mediativity.

Possessive Constructions and Focalization in Contemporary Ukrainian This article is devoted to the study of the use of two possessive constructions in contemporary Ukrainian, one involving the verb 'have' and the other the verb 'be'. In the 'have'-construction, the first argument of the predicative relation is the term representing the possessor. In the 'be'-construction, it is the term which represents the possessee. The choice of the possessive construction is directly related to the focalization of one of the two semantic participants of the possessive relation: in the 'have'-construction, the focused participant is the possessor, and, in the 'be'-construction, the possessee. The focused participant plays the part of the foreground compared to the other protagonist. The possessor is focused when, through its relation with the possessee, it is presented from different points of view: behavior, insistence on its agentif statute, description, material situation, characteristic or opposition to another possessor. The possessee is focused when it is presented as a central element which can make the situation change or can make possible to understand what is going on or when it is determined quantitatively or when one wants to draw the attention to it. Thus, in spite of the way this problem is usually presented, it appears clearly that, in contemporary Ukrainian, the possessive constructions with 'have' and 'be' cannot be regarded as synonymous.

Russian 'Undecided' Vocalic Phonems : For a Reinterpretation According to the Russian orthographic tradition, the Moscow Phonological School identifies vowels in identical morphems in stressed position (the so-called 'strong position'), using derivation and inflexion. But when the vowel appears only in unstressed position, as for instance in the word vólo?sť, this phonem is considered as 'undecided'. We propose two complementary processes to reduce the number of these exceptions, which by the way allows to question the limits of strict structural method. 1. Use of historical alternations polnoglasie (pleophony) vs nepolnoglasie (reduced vocalism) such as vlasť ~ vólo?sť. In this case, the common semantic component (seme) {power} suggests that these two roots are allomorphs; the analogy with the pair molodoj ~ mladoj, mlad, mladšij in which both vocalic graphemes о correspond to the phoneme /o/ (see mólod, molóže) allows us to interpret vólo?sť as /v°ol°os°t'/. If Russian does not provide suitable reduced forms one can use data from South Slavonic (ko?róva = /kor°ov°a/ according to krava). Here is applied genetic and historical relationship. 2. Use of phonetic unstressed realizations. Igrá сап be interpreted as /igr°a/ thanks to the form ígr; in igrá the unstressed /i/ is realized as a medium [i]; such a bijective relation allows us to interpret i?kra ('caviar') as /ikr°a/, considering the realization [ikra:]. Such a phonetic approach can apply to a whole range of other undecided vowels, which makes the limits between phonology and phonetics less evident.

Towards a Definition of the Resultative in Russian In this paper, the author tries to determinate some criteria qualifying the resultative in Russian. The possibility to form one of another resultatif is conditioned by semantic properties of the verb from which it is formed. To prove it, the author reviews different classes of verbs.